Allometric scaling of Wingate anaerobic powertest scores in women

In this study, we developed allometric exponents for scaling Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) power data that are effective in controlling for body mass (BM) and lean body mass (LBM) and established a normative WAnT data set for college-age women. One hundred women completed a standard WAnT Allometric exponents and percentile ranks for peak (PP) and mean power (MP) were established. Allometric exponents were applied to WAnT scores for an independent sample (n=31) to assess external validity. PP and MP were 477.0 W (SD = 80.0) and 372.6 W (SD = 61.5), respectively. Allometrice exponents for PP and MP scaled for BM were b = 0.92 and b = 0.76, respectively, and for LBM they were b = 0.93 and b = 0.91, respectively. In the independent sample, these exponents produced correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and BM of r = -.02 and r = .02, respectively. Correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and LBM were r = .004 and r = -.02, respectively. The allometric exponents were effective in partialing out the effect of BM for PP and MP and demonstrated acceptable levels of external validity when applied to an independent sample. The allometric exponents and normative values provide a useful tool for comparing WAnT scores in college-age women without the confounding effects of BM or LBM.     

Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between several commonly used aerobic and anaerobic cycle ergometer tests and performance during a treadmill cycling hill climb. Eight competitive cyclists (age 27+/-7 years; body mass 73.2+/-5.2 kg; height 177+/-6 cm; mean +/- s) completed six tests in random order: a lactate minimum test; a Wingate anaerobic power test; and two 6-km climbs at 6% and two 1-km climbs at 12% gradient performed on a motorized treadmill. The mean times and power outputs for the 6-km and 1-km climbs were 16:30+/-1:08 min: s and 330+/-17.8 W, and 4:19+/-0:27 min: s and 411+/-24.4 W, respectively. The best individual predictor of 6-km and 1-km performance times was the time for the corresponding climb at the other distance (r = 0.97). The next strongest predictor of both hill climb performances was the average power produced during the Wingate test divided by body mass. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the two variables contributing most to the prediction equation for both climbs were the Wingate average power per unit of body mass and maximal aerobic power divided by total mass (rider + bike), which together accounted for 92 and 96% of the variability in the 6-km and 1-km climbs. In conclusion, among competitive cyclists, the Wingate average power per unit of body mass was the best single predictor of simulated cycling hill climb performance at the distance and gradient used.     

武术散打训练对人体无氧工作能力影响的研究

为探讨散打训练对人体无氧工作能力的影响，对40名体育教育专业武术散打训练学生进行Wingate无氧实验。结果表明，武术散打训练可提高人体无氧功率能力，加快运动启动速度；用Wingate无氧实验评价时，前10s无氧功率值的高低比其递增的幅度，更能反映散打训练效果；30sWingate无氧实验主要反映出散打训练对人体无氧功率的影响，而对无氧能力的评价不明显；Wingate无氧实验对评定散打训练效果和水平更具有指导意义。     

Modification and Revision of the Scale of Market Demand for Taekwondo Schools

Twenty-six male and female collegiate and semiprofessional/professional soccer players (age = 20.4 ± 2.0 years; height = 172.1 ± 8.2 cm; weight = 70.7 ± 10.8 kg) participated in this study to determine the reliability and validity of a field anaerobic shuttle test (FAST) and the Cunningham and Faulkner (1969) treadmill anaerobic speed test (AST). The relationship between the AST and FAST was also investigated. Intraclass reliability coefficients were acceptable for the FAST (.96) and AST (.97) with no significant difference between the means at T1 and T2 (FAST = 56.0 vs. 55.8 sec; AST = 41.9 vs. 41.4 sec). Poor reliability for the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), .83 (W), .70 (W · kg-1), necessitated correcting the validity coefficients for attenuation, FAST vs. WAT = -.89 (W) and -.71 (W · kg-1); AST vs. WAT = .82 (W) and .74 (W · kg-1). These coefficients provide preliminary evidence that the construct being measured is anaerobic work capacity. The results (FAST vs. AST = -.85) indicate that FAST and AST appear to be measuring the same construct. Further research is needed to substantiate the validity of AST and FAST scores as measures of anaerobic work capacity of collegiate and professional soccer players.     

临界负荷、肌电图疲劳阈值与无氧阈值的关系研究

对10名学生进行了临界负荷、肌电图疲劳阈值与无氧阈值的测试。测试结果表明三者之间皆有显著性差异存在,临界负荷与无氧阈值的相关系数为0.91(P<0.05);临界负荷与肌电图疲劳阈值的相关系数为0.44(P>0.05);肌电图疲劳阈值与无氧阈值的相关系数为0.41(P>0.005)。本研究进一步证明临界负荷可以作为有效评估无氧阈值的测试方法,而肌电图疲劳阈值却不适宜。     

体育高考生无氧能力与身体成分相关研究——以湖北省为例

采用身体成分分析仪来测试体育高考生的身体成分,运用30s Wingate实验测试体育高考生的无氧能力,测试数据采用SPSS17．0和EXCEL2007进行统计学处理分析。研究结果表明：男女体育高考生体重与无氧能力的关系密切;男女体育高考生的体脂含量、体脂百分比、瘦体重、肌肉推测值与平均功率和峰值功率均呈高度的正相关;其中男生的蛋白质含量与平均功率呈高度的正相关（r=0．661,P〈0．01）,女生不明显。湖北省体育高考生身体成分各指标与无氧能力表现出不同程度的相关性。     

Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Volleyball Players

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to characterize the body fat, maximum aerobic power and maximum anaerobic power of elite junior wrestlers. The study was conducted in conjunction with an elite wrestler training camp. Wrestlers (n = 39) from ages 14 to 18 qualified for the camp and volunteered as subjects. Measurements were made for body composition (skinfold thickness), maximal aerobic power (treadmill run), and maximal anaerobic power of the arms and legs (Wingate test). Body fat averaged (±SD) 7.2% (±2.4), whereas the means (±SD) for maximal aerobic power, arm power, and leg power were 51.2(±9.3) ml/kg min^-1, 390.7 (±92) watts, and 549.1 ± 101 watts, respectively. Elite junior wrestlers appear to have a similar percentage of body fat, lower maximum aerobic power and higher relative anaerobic power compared to elite collegiate and senior wrestlers.     

不同自行车功量计对体育教育专业学生Wingate测试结果的比较研究

采用Wingate无氧功率试验,对陕西师范大学体育学院10名体育教育专业不同专项的学生进行Monark894E和POWERMAX-Ⅶ自行车功率计无氧测试,通过对两种方法测定的无氧功、心率、血乳酸等指标进行对比分析,旨在确定不同受试对象可行训练的测试方法,为在体育科研及实际应用中提供理论依据。     

Wingate试验的研究综述

通过对近年来国内外有关Wingate试验献的研究，认为Wingate试验是目前最普遍、最盛行的无氧功率测试的标准方法，它具有良好的有效性、正确性和可靠性。在对Wingate试验的方法、Wingate试验的指标、影响Wingate试验的主客观因素等方面进行分析的基础上，指出了Wingate试验方法中存在的优缺点，为进一步完善Wingate试验方法应用于机能评价和训练监控服务     

湖北体育高考生无氧能力与体育成绩相关研究

对2011年36名湖北省体育高考生无氧能力和运动成绩研究,分析体育高考生无氧能力与运动成绩的相关性,为教练简易评价考生无氧能力提供理论依据。采用Wingate无氧功率试验获得考生的无氧能力参数,对体育高考生高考体育成绩和无氧能力进行描述、对比分析、相关分析。受试者30sWingate无氧功率测试的各项指标值均与高考体育测试总分呈显著相关;男女生二级蛙跳成绩和男生100m短跑成绩与无氧功率各项指标呈显著相关。受试者高考体育测试各项成绩及高考体育测试总分与其无氧功率各项指标有着不同程度的相关。     

山西省青少年武术套路运动员无氧能力特征的研究

文章通过对山西省武术管理中心16名青少年武术套路运动员进行了无氧功测试、血乳酸测试,测试所获数据采用秩和检验进行组间均数比较,并对wingate结果和血乳酸结果进行相关性检验,得出结论：（1）青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力并不是影响成绩的主要因素。（2）青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力相比体能占主导的无氧运动而言较差。（3）wingate测试的各项指标采用其体重相对值更能反映运动员之间无氧能力的差别。（4）运动后7分钟的血乳酸水平可以反应青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力水平。     

青少年Wingate无氧功率与下肢骨骼、肌肉形态的关系

研究目的:探讨30秒Wingate无氧功率测试指标与骨骼、肌肉的形态的关系。研究对象与方法:29名19-21岁青少年参加测试,超声法测量小腿三头肌及其肌腱,常规方法测量其它形态学指标,Wingate法测量下肢无氧功率,运动5min后测取血乳酸值。结果:最高功率、最高功率/公斤体重、平均功率、平均功率/公斤体重男性均高于女性,WAT运动后5分血乳酸值男性显著高。结果表明:男性组瘦体重与平均功率显著正相关,女性组大、小腿围度与平均功率显著正相关,下肢肌肉骨骼的形态学指标与下肢无氧功率在两组间均无明显相关。     

Acute citrulline-malate supplementation improves maximal strength and anaerobic power in female,masters athletes tennis players

Citrulline-malate (CM) is a precursor to nitric-oxide (NO) in the NO synthase (NOS) pathway and is suggested to increase exercise performance in younger individuals. With age, NO production decreases and augmented NO production may provide beneficial effects on sports performance among masters athletes (MAs). Purpose: To examine the effects of acute CM supplementation on grip strength, vertical power, and anaerobic cycling performance in female, MA tennis players. Methods: Seventeen female MA (51?±?9 years) completed two double-blind, randomized trials consuming CM (12?g dextrose?+?8?g CM) and placebo (PLA) (12?g dextrose). One hour after consumption, subjects completed grip strength, vertical power, and Wingate anaerobic cycling assessments in respective order. Maximal and average grip strength, peak and average vertical power, anaerobic capacity, peak power, explosive power, and ability to sustain anaerobic power were calculated from the tests. Results: When consuming CM, participants exhibited greater maximal (p?=?.042) and average (p?=?.045) grip strength compared to PLA. No differences existed between trials for peak (p?=?.51) or average (p?=?.51) vertical power. For the Wingate, peak power (p?p?p?Conclusions: These data suggest that consuming CM before competition has the potential to improve tennis match-play performance in masters tennis athletes. However, this study utilized a controlled laboratory environment and research evaluating direct application to on-court performance is warranted.     

优秀武术散打运动员无氧代谢能力特征的研究

以37名优秀武术散打运动员为研究对象，采用功率自行车分别对其进行10s、30s、60s最大持续运动能力测试与分析，旨在探讨散打运动员磷酸原供能、糖酵解供能和混合无氧供能能力的特征，为合理制定发展专项所需无氧代谢能力的训练计划，提高训练的科学性和有效性提供服务。研究显示，优秀散打运动员的无氧代谢能力表现出明显的项目特征，即具有较强的磷酸原、糖酵解代谢能力和较强的最大做功能力；性别差异明显；不同运动水平运动员的无氧代谢能力差异明显，男子之间的差异程度大于女子运动员。提示，武术散打项目运动员的运动水平与运动员的无氧代谢能力关系密切。     

应用Monark测试系统对优秀速滑运动员专项能力的测试研究

采用Wingate无氧试验法,用894E奋力蹬车10s、30s、60s以及在839E上用递增负荷的方法对国家速滑队运动员的无氧功、无氧阈功率、运动后3min、6min、9min血乳酸进行测定。结果表明,10s、30s、60s无氧功试验以及运动后血乳酸的测试能较好评价速滑运动员磷酸原供能系统和糖酵解供能系统的供能能力,同时也反映速滑运动员的无氧功和无氧能力;无氧阈功率能较好地反映速滑运动员的有氧代谢能力,可用于对训练效果的评定和对训练过程的监控;在评价速滑运动员的无氧功时,应优先考虑其无氧功的绝对值。     

青年女子摔跤运动员无氧代谢能力的变化特点

为了探讨优秀青年女子自由式摔跤运动员无氧代谢能力纵向变化特点,以北京体育大学竞技体校女子摔跤队13名优秀青年运动员为研究对象,采用Wingate834E功率自行车对其无氧代谢能力进行为期3年的测试和分析。测试共进行了三次,测试时间分别安排在2008、2009和2010年全国青年女子自由式摔跤锦标赛的准备期第二阶段(专门准备期),测试对象为同一组运动员。结果发现:1)随着年龄和训练年限的增长,反映运动员无氧代谢能力的各项指标均得到不同程度提高,其中,PP(最大无氧功率)、AP(平均功率)和T-SP(维持最大功率的时间)这三项指标得到显著提高(P<0.05、P<0.01);2)T-AP和T-SP(达到和维持最大功率时间)这两项指标的变异系数(CV%)较高,表明无论优秀青年女子摔跤运动员竞技水平的高低,其无氧代谢能力都具备较高的储备和提升空间。     

A methodological approach to short-term tracking of youth physical fitness: the Oporto Growth,Health and Performance Study

In this paper, three different statistical approaches were used to investigate short-term tracking of cardiorespiratory and performance-related physical fitness among adolescents. Data were obtained from the Oporto Growth, Health and Performance Study and comprised 1203 adolescents (549 girls) divided into two age cohorts (10–12 and 12–14 years) followed for three consecutive years, with annual assessment. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with 1-mile run/walk test; 50-yard dash, standing long jump, handgrip, and shuttle run test were used to rate performance-related physical fitness. Tracking was expressed in three different ways: auto-correlations, multilevel modelling with crude and adjusted model (for biological maturation, body mass index, and physical activity), and Cohen’s Kappa (κ) computed in IBM SPSS 20.0, HLM 7.01 and Longitudinal Data Analysis software, respectively. Tracking of physical fitness components was (1) moderate-to-high when described by auto-correlations; (2) low-to-moderate when crude and adjusted models were used; and (3) low according to Cohen’s Kappa (κ). These results demonstrate that when describing tracking, different methods should be considered since they provide distinct and more comprehensive views about physical fitness stability patterns.     

基于希尔方程优化无氧运动能力测试方法的研究

用Wingate无氧试验方法进行最大输出功率的测量,依此来评价运动员的无氧能力的好坏的方法在国内外被广泛地应用。根据希尔方程的原理,本研究认为该测量方法具有其局限性。为了解决该问题,提出了多负荷测试的方法。为了检验该方法,用无氧功率自行车Monark 894E对8名体育专业的学生进行了测试,所得数据通过数理统计分析,认为可以建立个体最大输出功率的评价标准,用此标准可以动态地评价运动员的无氧能力。     

我国优秀女子摔跤运动员身体机能特征的研究

为探讨我国优秀女子摔跤运动员身体机能特征,采用文献资料、调查和实验等方法,对53名优秀女子摔跤运动员身体机能指标进行统计分析。结果表明:1)优秀女子摔跤运动员身体机能主要由无氧能力因子、有氧能力因子、恢复能力因子和激素水平因子构成,表现为机体无氧、有氧能力强,恢复能力好,雄性激素水平相对较高;2)相对平均无氧功率、相对最大摄氧量、血尿素和血清睾酮可作为女子摔跤运动员身体机能典型评价指标;3)"百分位数法"制订的不同体重级别女子摔跤运动员身体机能评价标准,能较好地反映现阶段优秀女子摔跤运动员的身体机能水平,可为优秀女子摔跤运动员的身体机能评定提供参考依据。     

Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis

The positive effects of caffeine ingestion on aerobic performance are well-established; however, recent findings are suggesting that caffeine ingestion might also enhance components of anaerobic performance. A commonly used test of anaerobic performance and power output is the 30-second Wingate test. Several studies explored the effects of caffeine ingestion on Wingate performance, with equivocal findings. To elucidate this topic, this paper aims to determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on Wingate performance using meta-analytic statistical techniques. Following a search through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SportDiscus^®, 16 studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria (pooled number of participants?=?246). Random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) for peak power output and mean power output was performed. Study quality was assessed using the modified version of the PEDro checklist. Results of the meta-analysis indicated a significant difference (p?=?.005) between the placebo and caffeine trials on mean power output with SMD values of small magnitude (0.18; 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.31; +3%). The meta-analysis performed for peak power output indicated a significant difference (p?=?.006) between the placebo and caffeine trials (SMD?=?0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.47 [moderate magnitude]; +4%). The results from the PEDro checklist indicated that, in general, studies are of good and excellent methodological quality. This meta-analysis adds on to the current body of evidence showing that caffeine ingestion can also enhance components of anaerobic performance. The results presented herein may be helpful for developing more efficient evidence-based recommendations regarding caffeine supplementation.