练习变异性在运动技能学习中的研究进展

练习变异性与一般动作程序的参数变化有关,是通过改变运动参数及不同的背景干扰效应对练习效果产生影响,相对比于以往的固定练习法,变换练习法能够使参与者在练习运动技能过程中因环境、速度、距离、力量等参数的不同,从而体验到不同的运动特征,有效地促进运动技能的学习。现就近10年的研究成果进行综述,希望为今后的研究带来裨益。     

运动技能与学习方法的匹配性研究

在我国教育课程改革的浪潮中,“发现学习”以培养探究思维和创新精神的独特价值,受到人们前所未有的关注。“探究”、“合作”、“自主”也成为体育课程中大力提倡的学习方式。但是,倡导新的学习方式绝不是对传统学习方式——“接受学习”的颠覆,因为世界上没有万能的,最好的教育方法,只有灵活的、最适合的教学方法。因此,根据运动技能的不同特点,探讨有针对性的体育教学方法,才在“增效减负”的实施中具有现实的意义。     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习与外显学习及其实质

运动技能获得中,人类存在着两种性质不同的并行的信息加工过程:一种是人们熟知的外显学习,具有随意性、需耗费心神、心理资源有限等特点;另一种是人们最新研究发现的内隐学习,具有不随意性、无需耗费心神、心理资源无限等特点。这两种学习机能是人脑的整体功能,在技能学习中相互协同,在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

内隐学习对运动技能教学的启示

运动技能作为一种主要和程序性知识相对应的学习与内隐学习有着密切联系。因此,将内隐学习引入运动技能教学中,驱动运动技能中的内隐学习,并按照运动技能的内隐学习和外显学习的关系来调整教学,不仅能发挥内隐学习的优势效应,使训练更加科学化、效益化,而且还能够激发学习者或者运动员的运动潜能、创造性,从而提高运动技能学习的效率。     

Movement Education: Its Effect on Motor Skill Performance

Abstract

The purposes of the present study were to evaluate transfer of movement education training to new skill performance and to evaluate skill improvement as a result of movement education and traditional training. The subjects were 47 first grade students who were in one of two classes. Each physical education class received one 30-minute class and one 20-minute class per week for 20 weeks. Subjects were taught movement principles either by a movement education approach or by a traditional approach. Johnson's Throw and Catch Test (1962) and a batting test for distance were used as pretests. These same tests were repeated as post tests in addition to two other tests which measured performance on striking and kicking distance and accuracy. Teaching approach groups were not significantly different on the latter two tests which measured the transfer of training effect. Traditional learning was better than movement education in developing throwing, catching, and batting performance. These results suggest that when one's objective is to teach a specific skill within a relatively short time period, a command style with demonstration is better than movement education.     

运动技能的内隐学习与脑潜能开发

内隐学习是无意识地获得刺激环境操作规则及潜在结构的过程,是不同于人类外显学习的另一种学习模式。运动技能的内隐学习在技能的保持时间、复杂技能的掌握、应激条件下等方面表现出的优势及特点表明:运动员脑潜能开发不仅在于创造条件使内隐学习与外显学习相互转化,更在于着手开发儿童时期运动技能的内隐学习水平以促进脑功能模块的构建。提示,其潜能开发应提供多种环境刺激、暗示训练等模式。     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习研究进展

内隐学习和外显学习是人类学习的两种方式,它们平行发生并且相互独立,内隐学习所获得的运动技能在环境变化多样,应激条件下以及在保持的时间上都有显著的优点,结论建议我们,在运动技能的训练中应为内隐学习创造更多的条件。     

培养学生运动技能学习策略的实验报告

运用学习策略理论 ,并结合运动技能学习的特点 ,在田径技术教学中对运动系 2 0 0 1级学生进行了教学实验 ,初步得出以下结论 :在学习运动技能过程中施加学习策略训练有助于学生掌握运动技术 ;在培养学生运用学习策略的能力方面 ,语言法、调控法、认知体验三项指标得到明显改善 ,学习策略能力的培养是一个长期的过程。     

组块练习和随机练习对运动技能学习的影响:效果、机制与启示

以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习（低情境干预）和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习（高情境干预）对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示,旨在丰富运动技能学习理论,为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明：（1）组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同;（2）从不同结局指标来看,组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效,而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。（3）从不同学习阶段看,在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好;在迁移阶段随机练习效果好;而在保持阶段,两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。（4）从不同参与肌肉群的技能看,随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。     

组块练习和随机练习对运动技能学习的影响:效果、机制与启示

以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习(低情境干预)和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习(高情境干预)对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示,旨在丰富运动技能学习理论,为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明:(1)组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同;(2)从不同结局指标来看,组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效,而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。(3)从不同学习阶段看,在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好;在迁移阶段随机练习效果好;而在保持阶段,两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。(4)从不同参与肌肉群的技能看,随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。     

运动技能的内隐学习与分心练习——对应激的抵御

为抵御应激对运动技能水平发挥的影响 ,研究以轨迹追踪任务为实验范式 ,将 32名被试分 4组在不同条件下进行为期 12 d的练习 ,并比较了各组在两种应激条件下的测试结果。结果显示 :对于复杂的操作任务 ,内隐学习比外显学习更有效。分心练习所获得运动技能较少受高应激的影响     

Challenges to Cognitive Bases for an Especial Motor Skill at the Regulation Baseball Pitching Distance

We tested expert baseball pitchers for evidence of especial skills at the regulation pitching distance. Seven college pitchers threw indoors to a target placed at 60.5 feet (18.44 m) and four closer and four further distances away. Accuracy at the regulation distance was significantly better than predicted by regression on the nonregulation distances (p < .02), indicating an especial skill effect emerged despite the absence of normal contextual cues. Self-efficacy data failed to support confidence as a mediating factor in especial skill effect. We concluded that cognitive theories fail to fully account for the patterns of observed data, and therefore theoretical explanations of the especial skills must address noncognitive aspects of motor learning and control.     

观察和练习比例、任务复杂程度对运动技能学习的影响

采用实验法,探讨不同的观察学习和身体练习比例及任务复杂程度对追踪任务技能学习的影响.将受试分为简单任务学习组和复杂任务学习组,然后再根据比例将受试随机分为25%观察学习+75%身体练习组、50%观察学习+50%身体练习组及75%观察学习+25%身体练习组,进行为期3 d的计算机追踪任务学习.结果显示:对复杂任务学习而言,50%观察学习+50%身体练习比例的学习效果较好;对于简单任务学习而言,3种观察学习和身体练习比例的学习效果相同.     

Distribution of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: Different Effects for Discrete and Continuous Tasks

Abstract

Research on the benefits of distributed practice for the acquisition and retention of motor skills has a long history. The majority of this research has involved skill acquisition of continuous tasks. However, there is some evidence to suggest that distribution of practice effects are quite different for discrete tasks than for continuous tasks. In the present study, we used a single task, formed discrete and continuous versions of the task, and examined how acquisition and retention were affected by the length of inter-trial interval. The basic task was a movement timing task that involved either one timing estimate per trial (the “discrete” version) or twenty successive estimates per trial (the “continuous” version). Separate groups of subjects learned one version of the task under either distributed (25 s inter-trial intervals) or massed (0.5 s inter-trial intervals) practice conditions. Both massed and distributed retention trials were performed on the same version of the task according to a double transfer design. The results confirmed the apparent disparity: Acquisition and retention were facilitated by distributed practice on the continuous task, but by massed practice on the discrete task. These results were discussed in terms of the role of the inter-trial interval in discrete and continuous tasks.     

运动技能形成过程中的突变性分析

以尖顶突变模型为工具，研究学生运动技能形成的特点、形成的模式和连续突跳行为。研究表明，学生运动技能的形成具有多模态、不可达性、突跳、滞后性和发散性特点，其形成模式是一个试悟式学习模式与顿悟式学习模式相融合的过程。学生运动技能在不同层次上的渐变是导致高原点不断被突破，从而表现出连续突跳学习行为的主要原因。     

A Prelongitudinal Test of Motor Stage Theory

Abstract

A test of motor stage theory was conducted to screen cross-sectionally for the existence of “horizontal structure” among motor sequences within four movement components of overarm throwing and overarm striking for force. A total of 58 male subjects were filmed performing five trials of each task. Comparisons were made between movement component sequence levels as assessed by Roberton's Component Category Checklist for the Overarm Throw and Langendorfer's Component Category Checklist for Overarm Striking. Results indicated that longitudinal study of sequences within the components of trunk, humerus, forearm-racquet actions was warranted and that intertask comparisons of motor sequences were best represented by combinations of stage models proposed by Wohlwill (1973). The observed movement commonalities in the present data were consistent with constructs in both Piagetian developmental stage theory and Schmidt's schema theory in motor control and learning.     

内隐优势效应与运动技能学习

自1965年Reber发现内隐学习以来,内隐学习的研究已取得了很大发展,且逐渐成为当今学习和认知心理学领域的热点课题。随着内隐学习研究的不断深入,内隐学习在运动技能学习中的优势效应也日益突显。本文分析整理了内隐学习的研究成果,并着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐学习的优势效应,以此为依据为技能教学提出建议,从而使技能教学更加有效、顺利的实施。     

运动技能学习策略的研究综述

随着对"学习化社会"理念的逐步认同,有关运动技能的教学策略、学习策略的研究普遍出现。运用文献、对比等研究方法,试图对学习策略、运动技能学习策略研究领域的研究成果进行回顾、归纳,探索其中普遍规律,并对现状进行总结,提出一些基本建议。     

运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式

通过对运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式的组成及其在运动技能学习与控制过程中的机制的阐述,以及对闭环控制模式中视觉控制的简要介绍,来建构运动技能学习与控制的认知模式,丰富有关运动技能学习与控制的认知理论内容,推动我国运动认知心理学的发展。