健身时间与锻炼效果的分析

文章从昼夜交替、自然变化的角度,就人体的生理机能、空气质量、季节特点、运动项目、持续时间、运动者的年龄这几个方面,探讨促进身体健康的最佳锻炼时间。     

Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.     

Fractionated Reaction Time Responses to Auditory and Electrocutaneous Stimuli

Abstract

It is well documented that simple reaction time (RT) varies inversely with stimulus intensity, but there is disagreement as to which stimulus modality produces the fastest simple RT. An investigation was conducted to equate two stimulus modalities, auditory (A) and electrocutaneous (EC), using varying stimulus intensities in a simple RT protocol. A second investigation was then conducted to examine neuromotor characteristics of stimulus-evoked responses using previously equated A and EC stimuli of varying intensity from the first investigation. Results showed that RT, premotor time (PMT), and motor time (MT) were all inversely related to stimulus intensity, while maximum displacement (MAXD) was directly related to stimulus intensity, and movement time was not affected by stimulus intensity. We conclude that: (a) both central and peripheral components of RT are altered by varying stimulus intensities, and (b) rapid movements are enhanced by increasing stimulus intensity.     

Reaction Time and Anticipation Time: Effects of Development

Abstract

The developmental nature of reaction time (RT) and anticipation timing (AT) performance, as well as the relationship between them, was investigated using 15 male and 15 female subjects at each of five age levels—7, 9, 11, 13, and 20 yrs. Each subject was given 40 trials for both RT and AT performance with task order counterbalanced. Results indicated that as age increased RT decreased, with males having more rapid RT than females. The two younger age groups differed from the three older groups on AT performance. RT was significantly correlated with AT (|CE| measure) for the 7, 9, and 11 yr old males but not in any other age by gender condition. Apparently neither young males nor young females have a good motor plan in memory to control AT performance. However, the more rapid RT (and thus better response initiation) of the males allows better AT performance at the younger ages. Beginning about 10–11 yrs of age, better motor plans are developed in children's memory system, leading to less reliance on rapid RT for good AT performance, and thus the correlation between RT and AT performance is not present.     

太极拳竞赛时间刍议

太极拳竞赛规则中,规定比赛时间为5-6分钟(基层比赛可设24式太极拳,比赛时间为4-5分钟),文章通过调查研究,结合太极拳原理以及基层比赛中的实际情况,对太极拳竞赛时间进行了分析,结论认为:规则中规定的时间有不合理之处。     

Programming Time as a Function of Movement Constraint

Abstract

Although the benefits of exercise are well documented, an international problem of physical inactivity exists. More research, especially theory based, has been recommended. One promising approach for studying exercise behavior is that proposed in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. This model, however, has received minimal cross-cultural attention and, relative to the current study, measurement instruments have only recently been translated into the Finnish language. The purpose of this study was to assess American and Finnish college students' exercise behaviors on the basis of TTM. Participants were American (n = 169) and Finnish (n = 168) college students who completed language-specific measures of exercise behavior, stage of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation. The only cultural difference observed was that the American participants rated themselves higher on barrier self-efficacy relative to the Finnish participants. Regardless of nationality or gender, participants classified by their stage of change differed on all the core constructs assessed. These results generally support the utility of TTM for understanding American and Finnish college students' exercise behavior.     

时差反应对运动能力的影响及适应对策

随着竞技体育运动比赛在世界各地的频繁举行,地域--时间所形成的地区时差,引起人体时差反应的普遍性,以及机体生理和心理节律的非同步变化而造成对运动能力的影响.为适应国际比赛的日益增多,时差反应适应一直是体育科研人员关注的问题.因此,了解时差反应对于指导教练员和运动员时差反应适应的训练措施和比赛安排有重要意义.     

Movement Duration,Fractionated Reaction Time,and Response Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming.     

手反应时测量可靠性的研究

本研究采用实验及统计分析法 ,对 44名体院学生的手反应时分别用不同重复测量次数进行多次测量 ,用积差相关法、单因素方差分析等方法对测量数据的可靠性及相关系数用exce17.5软件进行统计分析。结果表明 :手反应时重复测量的最佳次数是 15次 ,取值的最好方法是剔除 5次最大值和 5次最小值计算平均值。可靠性系数可达到 0 95     

论休闲体育与“垃圾时间”

本文运用文献资料法,逻辑分析法、演绎法等论述了“垃圾时间”产生的原因、特点及影响因素,阐述了休闲体育与“垃圾时间”之间存在的相互影响和制约的关系,指出以休闲体育的方式来善渡“垃圾时间”督促人们更多地把8小时工作以外的时间多投入到参与休闲体育中来,有利于人们获得平和、宁静的心态,实现人的全面发展,提高人的生活质量。     

60m与60m栏优秀运动员起跑反应时与运动成绩的时序特征

起跑反应时和运动成绩是短跑项目中的重要研究主题。研究以2012—2018年4届世界室内田径锦标赛60m与60m栏项目比赛数据为研究对象,检验了运动员起跑反应时和运动成绩变化的时序特征以及起跑反应时和运动成绩的关系。结果表明,60m与60m栏优秀运动员在比赛的不同阶段在起跑反应时和运动成绩上均表现出了显著差异,半决赛和决赛阶段的起跑反应时和运动成绩显著优于预赛阶段,并且保持时间序列的稳定性。     

气象要素与户外体育锻炼选时研究

为了科学地选择与安排户外体育锻炼时间,对主要气象要素的周期性,人体机能的日周期节奏性以及人体运动生理的变化特点进行了分析研究,提出１７～１９时（第二时段）为最佳户外体育锻炼时段的观点。     

对现代足球比赛中时空间的分析研究

本文采用文献资料法,利用时空理论这一视角对足球比赛中时空间的理论基础、竞技价值以及时空争夺的特点进行分析研究,提出时空价值性在足球比赛中的重要性,对足球训练的观念及新的指导思想开拓思路。以促进足球竞技水平更高发展。     

Postcontraction Influences on Reaction Time

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare reaction time (RT) and fractionated RT components (premotor and motor times) between normal and postcontraction conditions. Twelve participants performed 20 trials each of control and postcontraction RT conditions. For the control condition, participants executed a learned, rapid, knee-extension contraction response to an auditory stimulus. The postcontraction condition was identical to the control condition except that the participants performed a 3-s isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles prior to an auditory stimulus. Muscle activity was recorded from the quadriceps muscle group. Results indicated that the postcontraction condition was significantly faster than the control condition for the average RT, premotor time, and motor time. It was concluded that reaction time, processing time, and muscle contraction time for a learned task could be significantly reduced following an isometric contraction.     

不同时间、不同强度跑的生化分析

文章从不同时间、不同强度跑对人体的供能方面进行生化分析,提出无论是何种运动,ATP—CP系统供能,糖酵解供能,有氧氧化供能都在进行,只是比例不同。在运动训练和体育教学时,应以生化指标为科学依据,根据不同项目供能系统的特点,采取有利于发展身体供能系统的项目进行训练,从而提高运动成绩和教学质量。     

Leisure Time Physical Activity and Job Performance

In this study, the dual-task paradigm was used to determine peak attentional demand during the free-throw process. Thirty participants completed 40 free-throw trials. The free throw was the primary task, but participants also verbally responded to a tone administered at one of four probe positions (PP). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed no significant difference in free-throw performance across PPs, indicating participants were able to keep the free throw as the primary task. Repeated measures analysis of response time (RT) showed significant differences, with RT at PP1 (preshot routine) and PP2 (first upward motion of the ball) significantly higher than baseline RT. These results suggest that PP1 requires the greatest attentional demand, followed by PP2.     

羽毛球运动员的反应时与竞技能力

反应时是研究运动员心理特征的重要指标,然而以往研究结果并不一致。通过采用自编程序的微机视觉反应时测验,以不同反应时与竞技能力的相关差异,探讨影响竞技能力的神经机制。反应时测试有简单反应时、复杂反应时二刺激、辨别反应时二刺激、复杂反应时四刺激和翻转反应时四刺激。46名男队员和61名女队员按成绩分成优秀和一般两组,结果发现:简单反应时复杂反应四刺激和翻转反应四刺激指标在不同水平男女运动员中均表现出显著性差异,而简单反应时不显著。翻转反应时在不同水平羽毛球运动员之间差异效果量为最大。结果提示:羽毛球运动员的竞技能力不仅与信息加工速度有关,还与信息复杂程度有关,优秀羽毛球运动员加工复杂信息更具优势,灵活的神经转换机制可能是影响羽毛球运动员竞技能力的中央机制之一。     

竞技篮球运动时空特征与制胜因素的探讨

根据竞技篮球运动自身发展的规律和特点，对竞技篮球运动的时空特征、制胜因素进行了初步分析，探讨了竞技篮球运动制胜因素的时空特征。认为篮球运动员时空控制能力、时空认知水平和时空对抗能力是其竞技能力在时空领域的表现形式，也是现代篮球运动比赛制胜的关键要素。     

Sex and Athletic Status as Factors in Reaction Latency and Movement Time

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of sex and athletic status on reaction latencies and movement time. One hundred subjects, categorized into five groups of 20 subjects each—male athletes (MA), female athletes (FA), male nonathletes (MNA), female nonathletes (FNA), and control group (CG)—were tested over a period of five consecutive days. Several different types of incentives were used to ensure that subjects provided the fastest times possible. Two blocks of 25 trials were administered to each subject on each day. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 2 mixed factorial analysis of variance was used to test for between-subject differences of group (experimental/control), sex, and athletic status and for within-subject differences of days and blocks. The four dependent variables were reaction time (RT) mean, RT consistency, movement time (MT) mean, and MT consistency. Results did not support the classic finding of male superiority over females in RT/MT or athletes' superiority over nonathletes. Evidence of athletic superiority emerged, but for the first day of practice only. As subjects were allowed extended practice over a 5-day test period in which knowledge of results (KR) and other incentives were provided, differences in the experimental groups disappeared. Sex was the predominant factor in consistency, with males being less variable in RT (p = .02) performance than females. There were no sex differences in MT consistency.     

Academic Learning Time in Elementary and Secondary Physical Education Classes

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine how much academic learning time is experienced by elementary and secondary school students during regular physical education classes (ALT-PE) and to investigate three major ALT variables, that is, time devoted to specific content areas, learner engaged time with relevant material, and student's success rate. Subjects were 30 elementary and 31 secondary school physical education teachers; all had two of their regular classes observed according to the ALT-PE observational procedure developed by Siedentop and his colleagues. Group average results were found to be consistent over time, but individual data showed very little stability. The ALT-PE mean results were 31.3% and 36.5% respectively for the elementary and secondary school level and were significantly different. From 19% to 34% of the class period was spent, on the average, in other than P.E. content activities. When class groups, as a whole, were involved in P.E. content activities, students, considered individually, were effectively engaged in those activities 50% of the time. The non-success rate of the students was found to be quite low (10% approximately) and, therefore, did not contribute greatly to decreasing the ALT-PE figures. It was felt that a better management of the student's involvement during P.E. content activities might contribute to increasing significantly the percentage of student academic learning time in a given class period.