电子科学与技术专业开设物理及材料科学类课程调查

本文对目前国内高校电子科学与技术专业开设物理及材料科学类课程的情况进行了调查,结果表明：96％的高校开设了物理及材料科学类的课程,作为必修课的高校占64％,使用通用教材的高校占78％,认为开设此类课程有必要性的高校占95％,认为对学生就业和继续深造有作用的高校为100％。调查结果为电子科学与技术专业教学指导分委员会制定专业规范和发展战略提供了数据依据。     

高中物理三种不同版本课程标准实验教科书的比较研究

以人民教育出版社、上海科技教育出版社和山东科学技术出版社编辑出版的高中物理共同必修系列实验教科书为对象,选择有代表性的章节,分析它们体现《普通高中物理课程标准》（以下简称《标准》）的要求,着重从内容的选择、内容的组织和呈现方式等方面进行分析比较,通过对比发掘出它们是如何体现新理念、各版本的特点以及可以互补的地方,推进高中物理教科书的建设和完善。     

Teaching Physics to In-Service Primary School Teachers in the Context of the History of Science: The Case of Falling Bodies

Our paper presents an in-service primary school teachers’ training program which is based on the idea that the history of science can play a vital role in promoting the learning of physics. This training program has been developed in the context of Comenius 2.1 which is a European Union program. This program that we have developed in the University of Athens is based on socioconstructivist and sociocultural learning principles with the intention of helping teachers to appropriate the basic knowledge on the issue of falling bodies. Moreover, it has the aim to make explicit through the exploitation of authentic historical science events, on the above topic (Aristotle’s, Galileo’s and Newton’s theories on falling bodies) the Nature of Science (NoS), the Nature of Learning (NoL) and the Nature of Teaching (NoT). During the implementation of the program we have used a variety of teaching strategies (e.g. group work, making of posters, making of concept maps, simulations) that utilize historical scientific materials on the issue of falling bodies.

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The Need to Emphasize Epistemology in Teaching and Research

The views on epistemology by philosophers of science are developed through an historical lens. Enabling students to develop a scientific mindset is complicated by student’s views on the Nature of Science. Students need to appreciate the history of science and to contrast different frameworks. In order to do this, students have to be able to follow presentations in class and read their textbooks. Although individual words are understandable, the sentences appear to take the form of an unknown language. The solution utilized in this paper is to get students to approach their reading of their textbooks in the manner of the hermeneutical circle through an activity called Reflective Writing.     

《格致须知》与中国近代新式教科书

1882年开始出版的《格致须知》是中国近代史上第一套由专设教科书机构专为学堂学生教学而编撰的新式教科书。这套教科书作为中国近代新式教科书的先导,按照西方近代学科门类分科设编,使得近代科学知识系统地成为学堂教学的主要内容。这套教科书没有以科学证明宗教,而是关注科学实验和方法、强调儿童的认知规律,对于学童认识和理解近代科学,成为新型知识分子奠定了基础作用。但其存在基本要素不全,科目难称齐全,内容也较为偏深等不足。     

Banal Race‐thinking: Ties of blood,Canadian history textbooks and ethnic nationalism

This paper examines how the idea of “race” is represented in high school Canadian history textbooks. It looks at textbooks authorized by the Province of Ontario between 1940 and 1960 and those authorized after 2000. It is argued in this paper that even though historical racisms have increasingly made their way into Canadian history textbooks as valid and important topics of study, and despite explicit efforts by those responsible for the production of these textbooks to clarify the meaning and consequences of racism, the idea of “race” has persisted in much the same way as it did centuries ago – as a take‐for‐granted fact of Nature tied to ideas about human type, lineage and heritage. Through problematic use of the term “race” and through a redundant emphasis on seemingly neutral categories such as origin, ethnicity and descent, the textbooks preoccupy themselves with human typology and articulate a sense that blood matters in the constitution and construction of the Canadian nation.     

(Re)constructions of Etymology of the Term ‘Electricity’ in French German and Modern Greek Textbooks of Physics of 18th–19th Centuries

The different and contrasting versions of the etymology of the term ‘electricity’ in Modern Greek textbooks of Physics of the 18th and 19th century, which are influenced by French and German textbooks, are not mere (re)constructions that serve the didactic purposes and objectives of their authors. They are (in)directly related to the social and cultural framework within and through which Physics were taught at the time, and this is something to be considered seriously by active instructors of Physics.     

人文社会学科研究的"科学性"何以可能

近代以来,自然科学在各个领域获得的巨大成功使其本身成为"科学标准"的裁量者。人文社会学科研究中自身的科学性是按照自然科学的标准由自然科学赋予和认可的。进入19世纪末20世纪初,社会危机和自然科学的新发现使得自然学科自身的"科学性"面临挑战。本质主义、理性主义受到质疑,人的能动性、非理性主义、相对主义受到追捧。这为人文社会学科研究摆脱对自然科学的依附,建立自己的科学性提供了契机。     

中美《大学物理学》教材之比较

大学物理课程是高等学校理工科类必修的专业基础课程。文章对中芙《大学物理学》教材的内容结构、习题和思考题、教材的特色,进行了比较。这种比较对于我国大学物理学课程的教学改革、教材处理。以及开展大学物理学的双语教学将会起到一定的作用。     

现行沪用初中教科书《科学》研探

上海市初中学校使用《科学》课本已五年,基于国家新闻出版总署的相关要求和中学课本质量的基本标准,研读这套课本后对它提出40处建议,意在改进、完善和提升这套课本的整体水平,以利提高学校的科学教育质量和基础教育水平。     

申请国家自然科学基金课题浅探

军队工程院校相对封闭和以工程应用研究为主的特点 ,不利于国家自然科学基金课题的申请。本文从政策引导、申报组织、课题论证到申请书评审等各个环节 ,论述了军队工程院校搞好国家自然科学基金课题申报工作的要点 ,对提升工程院校的科学研究水平具有一定的参考意义     

Science education textbook research trends: a systematic literature review

The number of science education research papers has been rapidly rising in recent years. This number has been particularly influenced by researchers from non-English speaking countries who contribute to the field. With this number of papers, literature reviews gain in importance as they help researchers more easily orient themselves in problem areas. The authors of this study present a literature review on science textbook research. The importance of textbooks in education is indisputable, yet research in this field is surprisingly unbalanced between particular regions or states. In this paper, a review of 183 papers published between 2000 and 2018, indexed to the Web of Science database, is introduced. The results show that researchers in Europe and the USA focus on textbook research more than researchers elsewhere in the world. The textbooks most frequently researched on are science books for secondary schools. Textbook research consists mostly of analysing learning concepts and how concepts are integrated, non-textual elements in textbooks, visual representations, learning content or learning text analysis.     

小学语文教本才中创新教育素材资源的开发与利用

站在资源科学的角度，将小学语文教学与创造性人才的培养有机地结合起来，即充分发现和科学加工小学语文教材中存在的创造性案例、创造性成果等方面的创新教育素材资源，并针对它们各自的特点，恰当地用于课堂教学，这是小学语文教师有效地实施创新教育的良策。     

Towards a Refined Depiction of Nature of Science

Science & Education - This study considers the short list of Nature of Science (NOS) features frequently published and widely known in the science education discourse. It is argued that these...     

Assessing task-orientation potential in primary science textbooks: Toward a new approach

Task orientation is currently a prominent concept under discussion in primary school didactics. It focuses on tasks along which pupils acquire competences on distinct levels of competence. The qualitative empirical study TAPSE (Textbook Analysis in Primary Science Education) pursues the question which conception of task orientation is present in current textbooks in primary science education. The study follows two foci: (a) The introduction of a new category system for the analysis of the task-orientation potential of tasks, based on the further development of existing category systems for analyzing tasks; and (b) the analysis of 994 task statements in science textbooks with respect to the didactic quality of their task orientation. The sample included nine primary science textbooks, four from Germany, and five from Luxembourg. Textbooks were selected from the most frequently sold series in the respective country. All tasks of the textbooks were analyzed deductively and inductively by four coders in three steps: (a) Identifying tasks with task-oriented potential; (b) itemizing different types of task-orientation potential; and (c) comparing the textbooks with respect to country- and period-specific manifestations of task orientation. Analysis indicated that (a) there are few tasks which meet the criteria of task orientation; (b) distinct types of task orientation can be generated, among which implicit forms dominate; and (c) differences occur in the characteristics of task orientation between older and newer textbooks as well as between German and Luxembourgish ones. Central points of discussion ensue from this: The need to develop models for social and cognitive activation for tasks, challenges for professional development for teachers, and support for pupils—in particular high achieving heterogenization.     

A quantitative analysis of physics textbooks for scientific literacy themes

The purpose of this study was to examine the content of textbooks used in the Victorian Physics course between 1967 and 1997 for curriculum balance and emphasis on the following aspects of scientific literacy: (a) science as a body of knowledge, (b) science as a way of investigating, (c) science as a way of thinking, and (d) the interaction between science, technology and society. These themes were chosen because they are reflected in the aims of the current Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Physics course. The textbook is an important teaching aid in senior school physics in Victoria since it conveys some of the information that students receive and influences how students perceive the subject. The majority of the textbooks analysed stress science as a body of knowledge, place some emphasis on science as a way of investigating, and have little emphasis on science as a way of thinking. Texts produced for the new VCE Physics course (post 1990) were found to place more emphasis on the theme science, technology and society than texts produced prior to 1990.     

Socioscientific Issues and Multidisciplinarity in School Science Textbooks

The inclusion of socioscientific issues (SSIs) in the science curriculum is a well-established trend internationally. Apart from claims about its innate value, one of the rationales for this approach is its potential for helping to counter declining interest and participation. SSIs involve the use of science and are of interest to society, also raising ethical and moral dilemmas. Introducing such problems presents a significant and usually cross-disciplinary challenge to curriculum developers and teachers. The aim of this paper is to examine how this challenge has been met when judged against contemporary views of the issues concerned. It first explores how SSIs have been interpreted in an important and innovative science course for students aged 14–16 in England, entitled Twenty First Century Science. This paper analyses the Twenty First Century Science textbooks, focusing in detail on two SSIs, reproductive genetic technology and climate change. For each of these issues, the key ideas present in the social science literature surrounding the problems are outlined. This review is then used as an analytical framework to examine how the issues are presented in the textbooks. It is argued in this paper that the perspectives the textbooks take on these issues largely do not include perspectives from social science disciplines. It goes on to suggest that the development of future SSI-based curricula needs to take account of these wider, often interdisciplinary, perspectives.     

关于普通物理中“功”的定义

“功”是物理学中的一个重要的概念,不同的大学物理教材对“功”的定义采用不同的说法。本文就“功”的定义作一些简单的分析。     

Attitudes towards science and views of nature of science among elementary school students in terms of gender,cultural background and grade level variables

Background: There is a growing interest in investigating attitudes towards science and views of Nature of Science among elementary grade students in terms of gender, cultural backgrounds, and grade level variables.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes toward science and views of Nature of Science among Spanish students, Spanish students of gypsy ethnicity and second-generation Spanish students with east-European heritage, and to determine if their attitudes are related to their views of Nature of Science.

Sample: Data for this study was gathered from seven elementary schools in Spain, forming a convenience sample of 149 students enrolled from 2nd to 5th grade.

Design and Methods: The Nature of Science Instrument (NOSI) and an adaptation of the Test of Science Related Attitudes scale (TOSRA) were used. Follow-up structured interviews were performed with 15 participants.

Results: Regarding gender, boys had better attitudes toward Science than girls but more naïve views of the empirical Nature of Science. In relation to cultural background, second generation Spanish students with east-European heritage reported significantly better attitudes toward Science than Spanish students and Spanish students of gypsy ethnicity. No differences in Nature of Science views were found. Concerning grade level, third graders had more positive attitudes toward Science than fifth and sixth graders and more informed views of the tentative Nature of Science. Finally, no relation between Nature of Science views and attitudes towards Science were identified.

Conclusion: This study stress the need to address the steady decline in positive attitude toward Science and to improve students’ views of Nature of Science from early elementary grades, and to use gender and culturally inclusive science teaching strategies.     

静磁场矢势A的唯一性定理及证明

唯一性定理是解决静电磁场问题的理论依据。课本中给出了静电场唯一性定理的表述形式及其严格证明,对于磁场部分则是点到即止。本文首先给出静磁场唯一性定理的表述形式,对一般情况下和库仑规范条件.＆A=0下的情况均作了证明,得出后者只是一般情况下的一个特例。