从CUDOS到PLACE——论学院科学向后学院科学的转变

概述学院科学和后学院科学的涵义与“规范”或曰“运作规则”,论述学院科学向后学院科学转变的历史和主要特征,认为从CUDOS到PLACE的“规范”或曰“运作规则”的变化是学院科学向后学院科学转变的主要标志。     

French science policy and the changing role of the university

The role of university research in France is examined in the light of recent science policy shifts and structural changes at both the national and university levels. The efforts of the government to develop a science policy and to make that policy serve social and economic goals have eroded the traditional conception of the individual university scientist autonomously pursuing his own research on funds routinely channeled through the administrative hierarchy. The growth of contractfunding, the proliferation of public sources of financing, the elevation of higher education affairs to ministerial status, the call for universities to devise distinctive research profiles and policies, the shifting, overlapping responsibilities of national agencies and departments, and the general leveling off of public expenditure in R&D -all these are factors contributing to increased tension in the university research community. The interaction of these developments with persistent patterns of behavior and influence of the university scientific community in local and national decision-making has produced a series of contradictions and conflicts in university research policy which recently announced decisions are unlikely to dispel.     

物质循环科学的研究对象、理论与方法

人类活动的一项基本功能是从自然界不断开采资源,并将其加工成各种产品来满足生产和生活需要,同时向环境中排放污染物.因此,从宏观化学物质循环的角度来看,人类活动就是将地球表层物质不断进行时空转运和形态重构的过程.日益增强的人类活动已经成为影响地球表层物质循环格局、过程及其生态环境效应的主要驱动力,并引发区域性资源短缺和环境...     

科学划界:从本质主义到建构论

本质主义的科学划界试图寻找科学独一无二的本质是徒劳无功的,反本质主义消解划界问题的做法也有欠妥当。为了更充分地理解科学的边界,我们必须从本质主义走向建构论,把边界当作是社会建构的结果。这种边界是相对的,仅具有暂时的稳定性和有效性,它随着情境的变化而不断变迁。科学划界不是一个纯粹的知识论问题,它更是一个实践问题和政治问题。     

省部科技合作：从国家科技管理迈向“国家-区域”科技治理

 中国的科技管理模式经历了中央指令型科技管理和政府引导型科技管理两个时期,第二个时期又可以细分为改革阶段,深化改革阶段,省部合作、科技治理阶段3个阶段。导致这一演化的因素是中央与地方政府间合作关系的建立,部分科技产品的准公共属性以及我国科技资源的稀缺性、分散性与浪费等。省部科技合作具有主体上的多中心,对象上的准公共属性以及网络化特征。应建立府际或者跨区域科技协调机构,明确合作治理机制中“中央-地方”的角色定位,以及构建“垂直省部、水平跨域、公私合作”的科技治理网络。     

科学学:对象解析、学科属性与研究方法——关于科学学若干基本问题的思考

对科学学的基本理论问题进行了回顾和新的思考。提出科学学的研究对象是"科学技术的社会形相";在不同视角下,科学学具有不同的学科归属;科学学的研究方法具有多样性,其特有的研究方法是"多元归一法"。     

科学划界:从一元标准走向多元标准

自科学哲学诞生以来,关于科学划界的理论经历了四个阶段:逻辑主义的绝对标准、历史主义的相对标准、消解科学划界、以多元标准重建划界问题。科学划界是一种实践,科学划界主体是个集合,科学划界的标准是变化和不变的统一,科学划界的标准是多元的、可操作的。     

The northern light: from mystery to modern space science

As the name implies, the northern light is visible only at high latitudes, and it is therefore not surprising that Scandinavian scientists have been prominent in research on its origin and nature. This article reviews the history of its observation and the development of an understanding of its true origin.     

Turning science to account: Chicago and the general science movement in secondary education, 1905-1920

In the second decade of the twentieth century a new subject appeared in American high schools, aimed at providing citizens with an understanding of the essential nature of scientific thinking. "General science," as it was called, was developed and promoted by an emerging class of professional educators who sought to offer a version of science that they believed would both excite public interest and prove useful in the everyday lives of the masses of students streaming into the rapidly expanding institution of secondary education. It was to be a course with real utility that would transcend the boundaries of the specialized, abstract disciplinary subjects like chemistry and physics-subjects with identities tied to the practices and standards of the colleges and universities, which had long exerted control over the content of secondary schooling. This essay recounts the origins of general science and, in particular, examines how the intellectual and material environment of the city of Chicago at the turn of the century influenced the course that was produced and widely adopted in school programs across the United States.     

哲学与科学:统一于人的生活

本文主要辨析了科学与哲学的微妙关系。从有关哲学与科学关系的各种观点、哲学史与科学史、哲学家的科学情节以及科学与哲学统一于我们的生活等几方面进行了深入阐述,从而得出自己的结论。     

软科学出硬效益——拉萨市城关区家具三厂依靠科技进步走出困境纪实

在新世纪开局第一年,日光城拉萨一家名不见经传的小厂--拉萨市城关区家具三厂生产的产品,作为传播藏民族文化的使者,从世界屋脊跨越浩瀚的太平洋抵达美洲大陆,受到人们的欢迎.……     

让科学回归真实--对两种科学模型的一些思考

罗伯特·金·默顿最早对科学建制以及科学与社会间的相互作用做出了系统描述,所得出的默顿规范一直被奉为科学社会学的经典。随着科学的发展,今日科学逐渐显露出一些与默顿模型有所背离的征兆,由此产生了对科学的某种“信任危机”。约翰·齐曼等默顿之后的科学社会学家具体研究了今日科学的社会运行,提出了后学院科学模型,就默顿规范在新时代的新内涵和科学的信任危机作出了某种解释。我们将看到,后学院科学模型是在新情况下对默顿学院科学模型的合理修正。     

20世纪50年代中国对西方管理科学方法的初步引入

本文回顾 1950～ 1959年间 ,中国的科学家对运筹学方法的介绍、应用和研究 ,以及中国的经济学界和管理学界对经济数学方法的认识。由于一批数学家的积极参与 ,为管理科学在中国的发展奠定了基础     

From eugenics to scientometrics: Galton, Cattell, and men of science

In 1906, James McKeen Cattell, editor of Science, published a directory of men of science. American Men of Science was a collection of biographical sketches of thousands of men of science in the USA and was published periodically. It launched, and was used in, the very first systematic quantitative studies on science. Cattell used two concepts for his statistics: productivity, defined as the number of men of science a nation produces, and performance or merit, defined as scientific contributions to research as judged by peers. These are the two dimensions that still define measurement of scientific productivity today: quantity and quality. This paper analyzes the emergence of statistics on science and the very first uses to which they were put. It argues that the measurement of science emerged out of interest in great men, heredity and eugenics, and the contribution of eminent men to civilization. Among these eminent men were men of science, the population of whom was thought to be in decline and insufficiently appreciated and supported. Statistics on men of science thus came to be collected to document the case, and to contribute to the advancement of science and the scientific profession.     

Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past

The science-technology-innovation system is one that is continuously and rapidly evolving. The dramatic growth over the last 20 years in the use of science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators appears first and foremost to be the result of a combination of, on the one hand, the ease of computerized access to an increasing number of measures of STI and, on the other hand, the interest in a growing number of public policy and private business circles in such indicators. Such growing interest might be expected in societies that increasingly use organised science and technology to achieve a wide variety of social and economic objectives and in which business competition is increasingly based on innovation. On the basis of 40 years of indicators work, we argue that frontiers and characteristics of STI indicators that were important last century may no longer be so relevant today and indeed may even be positively misleading.     

科学学领域作者合作网络分析 ——以《科研管理》（2004-2008）为例

摘要：合作发表论文对于资源共享、思想交流、知识传播、信息获取等方面都具有重要的意义。本文收集并整理了2004到2008年《科研管理》的作者合作情况,构建了作者合作网络。然后,利用社会网络分析方法（SNA）对整个合作网络进行了小团体分析、集聚程度分析和中心性分析。结果显示,(1)整体网络是连通的,(2)小合作团体的规模都较小,(3)整体网络和小团体网络均具有无标度网络特征。