In search of project classification: a non-universal approach to project success factors

In this study we attempt to answer two questions: Is there a natural way to classify projects and what are the specific factors that influence the success of various kinds of projects? Perhaps one of the major barriers to understanding the reasons behind the success of a project has been the lack of specificity of constructs applied in project management studies. Many studies of project success factors have used a universalistic approach, assuming a basic similarity among projects. Instead of presenting an initial construct, we have employed a linear discriminant analysis methodology in order to classify projects. Our results suggest that project success factors are not universal for all projects. Different projects exhibit different sets of success factors, suggesting the need for a more contingent approach in project management theory and practice. In the analysis we use multivariate methods which have been proven to be powerful in many ways, for example, enabling the ranking of different managerial factors according to their influence on project success.     

Measuring project performance by applying social network analyses

It is often argued that the core of organizational success is efficient collaboration. Some authors even posit that efficient collaboration is more important to organizational innovation and performance than individual skills or expertise. However, the lack of efficient models to manage collaboration properly is a major constraint for organizations to profit from internal and external collaborative initiatives. Currently, much of the collaboration in organizations occurs through virtual network channels, such as e-mail, Yammer, Jabber, Microsoft Teams, Skype, and Zoom. These are even more important in situations where different time zones and even threats of a pandemic constrain face-to-face human interactions. This work introduces a multidisciplinary heuristic model developed based on project risk management and social network analysis centrality metrics graph-theory to quantitatively measure dynamic organizational collaboration in the project environment. A case study illustrates the proposed model's implementation and application in a real virtual project organizational context. The major benefit of applying this proposed model is that it enables organizations to quantitatively measure different collaborative, organizational, and dynamic behavioral patterns, which can later correlate with organizational outcomes. The model analyzes three collaborative project dimensions: network collaboration cohesion evolution, network collaboration degree evolution, and network team set variability evolution. This provides organizations an innovative approach to understand and manage possible collaborative project risks that may emerge as projects are delivered. Organizations can use the proposed model to identify projects' critical success factors by comparing successful and unsuccessful delivered projects' dynamic behaviors if a substantial number of both project types are analyzed. The proposed model also enables organizations to make decisions with more information regarding the support for changes in observed collaborative patterns as demonstrated by statistical models in general, and linear regressions in particular. Further, the proposed model provides organizations with a completely bias-free data-collection process that eliminates organizational downtime. Finally, applying the proposed model in organizations will reduce or eliminate the risks associated with virtual collaborative dynamics, leading to the optimized use of resources; this will transform organizations to become more lean-oriented and significantly contribute to economic, social, and environmental global sustainability.     

R＆D项目选择模型和终止模型的比较

Ｒ＆Ｄ项目的选择与终止是Ｒ＆Ｄ管理中的两个重要问题。如何在众多的项目中选择一个或者多个,使其为企业带来最好的回报,最大限度的推动企业的发展,对企业领导和决策层来说是一个重要但又十分棘手的问题。同样,项目的中止也是一个十分棘手的问题,失败的项目往往会拖得很久而毫无结果,这无形中给企业带来了巨大的损失。如何及时的中止某些项目、减少项目的失败给企业带来的损失,是一个值得研究的课题。就项目本身来说,虽然项目的中止对技术的成功或失败影响甚小,但对客户、领导乃至项目小组来说,及时的从中吸取经验教训,则肯定是大有裨益的。文章首先分别给出了Ｒ＆Ｄ项目选择模型和终止模型,然后对这两种模型进行了比较,分析了它们的实质性区别。     

软件过程改进关键步骤研究

软件的过程改进是一项长期系统的工程,急于求成必将导致失败。没有目标步骤地进行过程改进,只会浪费时间和增加项目的成本而不会取的很好的效果。如果我们把软件过程改进看做一个系统的工程项目,像其他项目一样,对它做详细的规划,确定项目改进的目标范围、按照一定的改进战略和具体的实施步骤进行,这样必将取得良好的效果。对软件的过程改进关键步骤方面进行研究。     

软件项目风险因素与目标实现度关系研究

软件项目中普遍存在着很大的潜在风险和失败可能性,因此必须通过对风险的控制和管理来提高软件项目的成功概率。通过识别和评价软件项目的主要风险因素,找到提高项目目标实现度的有效途径,来提高我国软件项目的成功率和企业竞争力。     

考虑OCB的重大工程项目成功的评估及提升策略研究

基于系统动力学理论,探究组织公民行为(Organizational Citizenship Behavior,OCB)对重大工程项目成功系统的影响,并提出有效的管理策略以提升重大工程项目成功的可能性.模拟结果表明,单项政策分析中,政治擢升的驱动效应比企业发展动机的驱动效应对OCB的提升以及项目成功的影响更大;而混合政策比单项政策对项目成功的提升效果更加显著,并且混合政策中通过对变量的数值组合设置更进一步揭示政治擢升的驱动效应对于项目成功的重要性.     

开源软件项目发起人个体特征对项目绩效的影响——基于GitHub的实证研究

基于开源软件项目发起人个体行为视角,以全球最大的开源软件代码托管平台GitHub上的8053组开源软件项目为研究对象,并随机收集了333位项目发起人问卷数据,探索项目发起人对项目绩效的影响及其作用机理,以及知识共享在二者之间的中介作用.研究发现:(1)开源软件项目发起人作为特殊开发者,其参与动机、个人价值观、个人影响力和创新意识对项目绩效具有显著正向影响,其中前两者比后两者的重要性更大;(2)开源社区内的知识共享对项目绩效起到了部分中介作用,高效的知识共享与清晰的知识流转过程对于项目最终质量起着至关重要的作用.研究表明,开源软件项目发起人对于促进开源社区的知识共享与提高项目绩效起到重要的影响作用,而知识共享在项目发起人与项目绩效之间具有中介效应.     

基于CMMI模型的软件规模估计方法研究

软件规模估计是CMMI成熟度三级项目策划过程域的基础,是影响软件项目成败的关键因素之一。合理的软件规模估计是保证软件项目符合预算和进度要求的前提条件。描述了基于CMMI模型的软件项目估计,提供了5种软件规模估计方法及相关过程,并对各种方法的应用范围进行了分析。提出的5种软件规模估计方法为制定合理可行的软件开发计划提供了有力的支持。     

项目教学法在Flash动画教学中的应用

项目教学是基于生产实践的教学模式,目的是让学生在独立或协作完成某一任务中去学习和应用知识。Flash动画教学引进项目教学模式,将改变传统教学中重理论轻实践的现象,培养学生的各种能力使其能够符合企业的需要和社会发展的需求。     

Team learning in IT implementation projects: Antecedents and consequences

This study investigates the antecedents and consequences of team learning, which is composed of information acquisition, dissemination, and implementation, in information technology (IT) implementation projects. By investigating 129 IT implementation project teams, we found that (1) information acquisition and information dissemination have a positive impact on project outcomes, such as speed-to-users, lower implementation cost, and operational effectiveness, and (2) team behavior and enabler variables, such as teamwork, team communication, interpersonal trust between team members, team commitment, and senior manager support, positively influence team learning. We also found that team anxiety moderates the relationship between team learning and project outcomes.     

Determinants of successful R&D cooperation in Japanese small businesses: The impact of organizational and contractual characteristics

Using original survey data on Japanese small businesses, this paper analyses the impact of the organizational and contractual characteristics of cooperative R&D, such as membership structure, partner relationship, external support, and rules of cost and outcome sharing, on the probability of the technological and commercial success of the project. Empirical results suggest that cooperative R&D is more successful, the higher the quality and quantity of external resources available through cooperation, and the lower the transaction and coordination costs required for such arrangements. Moreover, we found that the determinants of technological and commercial success differ considerably.     

A structural equation model of the impact of the “fuzzy front end” on the success of new product development

In this study of new product development projects, the fuzzy front end of innovation was explored. The new product development process has multiple stages, so two types of fuzzy front end impacts on the success of new product development were examined: (1) a direct impact and (2) an indirect impact by influencing the next stage of the new product development process, i.e. project execution. Furthermore, the degree of project newness, in accordance with contingency theory, was considered.We developed and tested a conceptual model of relationships among key variables related to the fuzzy front end, project execution, and project success. The structural equation model was tested with AMOS using information from 144 projects completed by German measurement and control technique firms.For the most part, the responses from these firms supported the hypothesized relationships and the frequently claimed importance of the fuzzy front end was confirmed. The results offer strong support for the importance of the early involvement of all departments in new product development to enhance communication and, ultimately, project success. This process can be advanced by initial planning prior to development.Furthermore, the firms’ responses highlighted the importance of reducing market and technical uncertainty during the fuzzy front end, as both were found to negatively influence communication and increase deviations during project execution. The technical uncertainty remaining at the start of a project had a direct, negative influence on project efficiency and the most far-reaching implications regarding the success or failure of the project.With regard to contingency theory, the results indicated that efforts spent on the reduction of uncertainty to improve project execution and success may be influenced by the degree of newness of new product concepts. The degree of newness was found to influence the reduction of technical uncertainty, deviations from specifications, and efficiency.     

开发计划在面向市场和定制中各自侧重概述

现在的软件产业中主要是面向市场开发和定制开发这两种形式,本文通过分析在面向市场软件开发和定制软件开发中影响成功的元素和讨论项目计划与项目结果的关系来总结在做软件项目计划时各自需要重视和强调的部分。     

软件外包项目成功模型研究

由于缺乏对软件外包项目成功概念的清晰全面描述,本文经过文献综述和总结,从客户和供应商双方视角构建出软件外包项目成功的理论模型。模型包括三部分:前端变量—知识学习和服务质量;中间变量—项目绩效和心理绩效;结果变量—组织绩效和关系质量。使用Meta分析对软件外包项目成功因变量进行相关分析,并将Meta分析与SEM相结合(MASEM),对结构模型进行路径分析和拟合分析。本概念模型尝试为软件外包项目成功的研究提供全面综合性视图。     

Online service quality and perceived value in mobile government success: An empirical study of mobile police in China

Measuring the success of mobile government (m-government) is a significant challenge faced by the public sector today, as governments are increasingly using mobile technology to provide public services to citizens and m-government endeavors have often fallen short of their potential. To address this gap, we draw on DeLone and McLean’s (2003) updated information systems (IS) success model in order to develop an m-government success model that theorizes service quality as comprising online and offline service quality and further uses perceived value to measure net benefits. The results of a survey of 286 m-government users in China indicate that information quality and online service quality, but not system quality, are positively associated with citizen satisfaction, which in turn is positively associated with perceived value. The results also show that the relationship between online service quality and citizen satisfaction is positively moderated by offline service quality, while citizen satisfaction partially mediates the relationships between information quality/online service quality (but not system quality) and perceived value. This study extends the updated IS success model by differentiating between online and offline service quality, as well as by introducing the notion of perceived value. Our results provide guidance to researchers and practitioners regarding the role of service quality and perceived value in measuring m-government system success.     

学习目标导向对员工创新行为的作用机制研究

学习目标导向和员工创新行为的关系是创新领域微观研究的其中一个热点问题,但是已有研究在前者影响创新行为的作用机制分析仍不够深入和综合。本文基于资源保存理论,引入知识转化和网络建构能力来构建起新的理论模型,并采用回归分析等方法对385份调查问卷获取的上下级配对数据进行实证分析,探讨学习目标导向对员工创新行为的作用机制,检验知识转化的中介效应以及网络建构能力的调节效应。研究发现：学习目标导向对创新行为的正向影响是通过知识转化来传导的;网络建构能力对学习目标导向和知识转化之间的关系具有正向调节作用;网络建构能力调节了知识转化在学习目标导向与创新行为之间的中介作用。     

科研项目滚动式进度规划研究

本文介绍了科研项目的最新特点与管理现状,针对目前存在的问题,提出了管理计划基准化的概念,以国家重点研发计划为例详细阐述了滚动式规划与数字化技术相结合的管理方法和思路。该方法通过将项目任务自上而下地按照年度进行分解,创建项目年度执行基准,在滚动周期内对组织过程资产进行阶段性固化,同时应用PDCA质量管理循环体系实现科研管理与技术研发的持续改进,从而确保年度考核指标的完成。本文利用MS Project软件在滚动式规划的基础上建立年度进度网络模型,实时跟踪与监控科研项目的进度、成本与质量,从而实现科研项目的高效、动态、精准化管理。实践证明：该方法可以有效简化流程,提高管理效率,增大项目成功率,适用于规模化、市场化、复杂化的科研项目管理,为未来科研项目管理提供借鉴。     

项目管理在软件开发中的应用探究

在软件项目开发过程中,其项目管理是否成功直接决定着该项目是否可以顺利、高效的完成。项目管理并非易事,即使具备最完美的条件,项目管理也存在着一定的困难。从项目管理及软件项目管理的基础概念着手分析,研究项目管理在软件项目开发中的具体应用,并在最后提出几点注意事项。     

An analysis of factors influencing the utilization of contract research in a developing country,Korea

The utilization of contract research results in a developing country was analyzed according to the stages of technological innovation and transfer. Three innovation stages such as project contract (proposal success), project solution (technical success), and project implementation (commercial success) are employed in this study, focusing on the identification of significant factors affecting the success in each stage. The factors influencing the successes in the project contract and implementation stages are mostly similar while the factors important in the technical success are somewhat different. The data analyses indicate that only a few factors seemed to significantly affect the successful project contract while more than a score of variables were considered to be important for the successful implementation of the contract research results. This implies that even though the success of the early stage of innovation can be relatively easily accomplished, the success of the final stage cannot be so easily accomplished. According to the findings of the study, there are at least two unique environmental factors for the successful innovation and transfer of indigenous technology in a developing country, Korea: (1) the vulnerability of domestic technology to the foreign technology from advanced countries, and (2) the strong influences of government intervention, whether they are advantageous to the success of innovation. Some methodological as well as theoretical issues for the improved understanding of innovation and technology transfer are discussed.     

基于农民视角的农地整理项目绩效评价及其障碍因子诊断简

农民是农地整理项目的最终受益者,从农民视角来研究农地整理项目绩效评价及其障碍因子诊断方法,可为提高农地整理项目绩效提供决策依据。本文基于农民视角,从规划设计和施工建设两个阶段、项目过程和项目结果两个方面构建农地整理项目绩效评价指标体系,采用基于熵权改进的TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,通过对湖北省毛嘴等三个农地整理项目区的农民进行访谈式问卷调查,评价其项目绩效水平及障碍因子。结果显示：毛嘴项目绩效水平高于张沟项目和新沟项目;影响农地整理项目绩效高低最重要的因素是农民对施工建设阶段的评价,其次是农民对规划设计阶段的评价,而农民对施工建设阶段的评价又主要取决于对施工建设阶段结果的评价;农民参与农地整理项目的程度及其有效性是影响农地整理项目绩效的重要因子。研究表明：基于农民视角,从项目各个阶段、每个阶段的过程和结果两个方面建立的农地整理项目绩效评价指标体系及其评价方法是合理可行的;要提高农地整理项目绩效水平,首先应提高农地整理项目施工建设阶段的工程质量,其次是应提高农地整理项目规划设计方案的科学性和合理性;此外,提高农民参与农地整理项目的程度及其有效性对提升农地整理项目的绩效具有重要意义。