Applied biodiversity science in China in the global context

In 2021,the city of Kunming in Yunnan Province,China,will host the fifteenth meeting of Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.The meet...     

中国生物多样性科学研究进展评述

近20年来,我国生物多样性研究快速发展,在生物多样性志书编研、生物多样性起源与演化、生物多样性维持机制及与生态系统功能和服务的关系、生物多样性威胁因素及对全球变化的响应、生物多样性与生态安全,以及生物多样性研究平台建设等方面都取得了长足进步,但生物多样性科学方面的理论性突破仍较少。为促进生物多样性研究的进一步发展,我们建议:(1)加强生物多样性科学与生物多样性保护实践及可持续利用的结合;(2)加强新技术与新方法在生物多样性研究中的应用;(3)加强与扩大国际合作。     

New directions in the history of modern science in China: global science and comparative history

These essays collectively present new perspectives on the history of modem science in China since 1900. Fa-ti Fan describes how science under the Republic of China after 1911 exhibited a complex local and international character that straddled both imperialism and colonialism. Danian Hu focuses on the fate of relativity in the physics community in China after 1917. Zuoyue Wang hopes that a less nationalist political atmosphere in China will stimulate more transnational studies of modern science, which will in turn reveal the underlying commonalities in different national contexts. Sigrid Schmalzer compares the socialist and the capitalist contexts for science in China and reopens the sensitive question of the "mass line" during the Cultural Revolution. Grace Shen describes the tensions early Chinese scientists felt when choosing between foreign models for modem geology and their own professional identities in China. Taken together, these accounts present us with a comparative history of modern science in China that is both globally and locally informed.     

Science communication in China: a critical component of the global science powerhouse

China has attached a great significance to bringing science to the public—known as kepu (科普, ‘science popularization’) or kexue chuanbo (科学传播, ‘science dissemination’)—in recent years, partly in response to its unprecedented push for innovation in science and technology. In 2018, it spent 16 billion yuan (US$2.3 billion) on such endeavours, nearly 80% of which was government funding, according to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology. With one science-education venue for every million people, approximately 76 million visits were made to the country''s 518 general-science museums and 142 million visits were made to 943 museums dedicated to a specific subject matter, such as the Geological Museum of China.In a forum chaired by National Science Review’s executive editor-in-chief, Mu-ming Poo, scientists, journalists and public-information officers discussed the differences in science communication between China and developed nations, the challenges and opportunities of raising scientific literacy in China, how it has played out in a wide range of controversial topics, from stem-cell research to climate change, and the importance of international collaboration. Tao Deng Director of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Hepeng Jia Science journalist and science-communication scholar at Soochow University, Suzhou, China Brian Lin Director of the Editorial Content Strategy, EurekAlert!, American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, USA Joy Ma Manager of the Editorial Content, EurekAlert!, American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, USA Lai Xu Former chief editor of Guokr.com, Beijing, China Shi Yan Deputy director of the China Research Institute for Science Popularisation, Chinese Association of Science and Technology, Beijing, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director of the Insitute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China     

中国湿地生物多样性研究

文章简要回顾了沼泽研究及沼泽学形成对我国湿地生物多样性研究的重要意义。沼泽是湿地的核心类型和基本组分。沼泽与湿地植物定义是湿地与生物多样性研究的基础;沼泽综合因素分类原则与沼泽体发育多模式是我国沼泽研究的创新,亦是对我国生态学研究的丰富和发展。中科院湿地研究中心的成立为推动我国湿地与生物多样性研究做出了历史性贡献。本文在论述湿地与生物多样性研究现状的同时还提出了对本领域发展具有重要意义的科学问题。     

The implications of academic enterprise for public science: An overview of the empirical evidence

Concerns have been raised that the growing emphasis on the commercial value of academic research may have negative, unintended consequences, notably that it may have a deleterious effect on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge or on the open-ended nature of public science. These concerns have catalyzed an expanding set of empirical studies, the evidence from which is vast and mixed. We review this body of investigative work, teasing out some preliminary conclusions regarding the broader implications of academic enterprise and promising avenues for further research.     

科学学在中国前史

论述科学学在中国体制化前的有关历史渊源和思想基础,提出对中国科学发展途径看法的代表人物以及中国科学社和《科学》杂志等对科学的组织推动作用,概括中国共产党在建国前后对科学论的研究。     

中国山地科学发展构想

我国山地面积约占陆地面积的70%,是世界第一山地大国。我国人口与经济快速增长,山区土地利用、矿产资源、森林资源等开发强度的增加与山区脆弱的生态环境难以承受的尖锐矛盾日益凸显,严重影响国家未来经济和生态环境安全。当前,国外重大研究计划(IGBP,IHDP,GTOS)非常关注山地重大科学问题的探索,山地研究已成国际热点和科学前沿。加强山地科学研究,着力发展山地科学体系,为新山区建设提供强有力的科技支撑,确保山区发展又好又快,同时对提高我国在国际地球系统科学领域的影响力和引领作用具有重大的战略意义。     

技术监测在科研管理中的应用—纳米技术监测

本文首先对技术监测方法进行了概述,进而分析了纳米技术相关信息的特点,指明技术监测方法可以很好的解决纳米技术管理问题,然后详细论述了纳米技术监测过程,并概要给出监测分析结果。     

科学变革中参照系的作用与意义

 科学史上的每次重大变革总是伴随着相应参照系的改变,甚至某些变革本身就是在参照系的基础上进行的.日心说与地心说的不同,实际上是两个参照系原点选择的不同;近代力学通过惯性原理确定了惯性参照系,从而使各物理量获得统一的经验和理论意义,并由此区别于古代力学;而狭义相对论革命则是在相对性和光速不变性原理的基础上,以新的变换关系(洛伦兹变换)代替了经典力学的变换关系(伽利略变换)而实现的.参照系作为连接主客体的实践中介系统,通过投影和变换而确定一定学科的经验-理论符号系统,并通过原点、维向的选择和重构使科学变革得以实现.     

管理科学学在中国的兴起和发展

伴随着中国引进消化和自主发展管理科学的历史进程,对管理科学各种一般性、共同性、普遍性问题进行探讨的管理科学元研究越来越受到人们的重视,从而为创建管理科学学奠定了坚实的基础。管理科学学的主要研究内容,包括管理科学的研究对象、学科定位、演进态势、理论基础、研究方法、学科结构以及管理科学教育和教学等。为了更好地促进管理科学学在中国的可持续发展,今后一个时期需要实施双向分合推进、纵向引导深化、扩充研究队伍等项策略。     

我国管理科学领域机构学术合作网络分析

基于我国管理科学主流期刊上发表的论文,构建了管理科学领域的机构学术合作网络,应用社会网络分析方法分析了合作网络的特征和模式。研究发现我国管理科学领域的机构学术合作网络具有明显的核心-边缘结构,网络是稀疏的,并具有小世界和无标度特性;国内著名管理科学研究机构构成了网络的核心。通过派系分析发现研究机构之间的合作具有明显的区域特征。促使边缘机构与核心机构的学术合作、打破区域间合作障碍可以提高管理科学领域的整体合作程度。     

The emergence of China as a leading nation in science

China has become the fifth leading nation in terms of its share of the world's scientific publications. The citation rate of papers with a Chinese address for the corresponding author also exhibits exponential growth. More specifically, China has become a major player in critical technologies like nanotechnology. Although it is difficult to delineate nanoscience and nanotechnology, we show that China has recently achieved a position second only to that of the USA. Funding for R&D has been growing exponentially, but since 1997 even more in terms of business expenditure than in terms of government expenditure. It seems that the Chinese government has effectively used the public-sector research potential to boost the knowledge-based economy of the country. Thus, China may be achieving the (“Lisbon”) objectives of the transition to a knowledge-based economy more broadly and rapidly than its western counterparts. Because of the sustained increase in Chinese government funding and the virtually unlimited reservoir of highly skilled human resources, one may expect a continuation of this growth pattern in the near future.     

海洋生物多样性价值评估的不确定性偏差修正——以福建平潭为例

在面对条件价值评估法估值问题时,由于对待评估物品缺乏认知等原因,部分受访者将对支付意愿金额表现出不确定性,造成不确定性偏差。为识别并修正不确定性偏差,本文以平潭海洋生物多样性价值评估为例,通过增设题项,要求受访者给出支付意愿确切金额或区间范围,以支付意愿区间长度比例衡量受访者不确定性,在此基础上分析不确定性的影响因素,并以不确定性水平对支付意愿区间进行加权,将不确定性纳入支付意愿估值框架以减少偏误,提高条件价值评估法估值精度。结果表明：①不确定性的存在具有普遍性,近50%受访者对支付意愿表现出不确定性。②受访者在当地的居住年限、对海洋生物多样性的了解程度、收入水平均对不确定性具有显著影响。③将不确定性水平纳入支付意愿估计,运用参数估计方法测算福建平潭居民对于保护海洋生物多样性的支付意愿为200.24元/(人·年),平潭海洋生物多样性价值为8888.65万元/年。研究结论将加深对条件价值评估法中不确定性偏差来源及修正方法的理解,提高条件价值评估法估值有效性与准确性,并为海岛生态系统的海洋生物多样性保护与管理、海洋资源可持续利用提供支撑。     

我国自然科学基金项目管理研究综述

科学基金项目管理是加强和完善我国国家自然科学基金制的主要内容之一。从国家自然科学基金项目管理的基本过程和项目管理中所涉及的主体出发,阐述了我国自然科学基金项目管理的主要研究内容,并提出了未来的研究建议。     

The making of an entrepreneurial science: biotechnology in Britain, 1975-1995

Monoclonal antibodies played a key role in the development of the biotechnology industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Investments in the sector and commercial returns have rivaled those of recombinant DNA technologies. Although the monoclonal antibody technology was first developed in Britain, the first patents were taken out by American scientists. During the first Thatcher government in Britain, blame for the missed opportunity fell on the scientists involved as well as on the National Research and Development Corporation, which had been put in place after World War II to avoid a repeat of the penicillin story, when patent rights were not sought. Instead of apportioning the blame, this essay suggests that despite past experiences and despite the new channels that were in place, Britain was not in a "patent culture" in the 1970s. It traces the long and painful process that made a commercial attitude among publicly funded British research scientists and in a civil service institution like the Medical Research Council both possible and desirable. In this process the meaning of the term "public science" also changed dramatically.     

植物多倍体基因组的形成与进化

多倍化是植物进化变异的自然现象，也是促进植物发生进化改变的重要力量。在被子植物中，约 70％的种类在进化史中曾发生过一次或多次多倍化的过程。目前的研究结果表明，自然界绝大多数多倍体是通过未减数配子的融合而形成的，并且很多多倍体种是通过多次独立的多倍化过程而重复发生的。由多倍化所导致的重复基因在多倍体基因组中可能有三种不同的命运，即：保持原有的功能、基因沉默或分化并执行新的功能。多倍化以后，重复基因组的进化动态则主要表现在染色体重排和“染色体二倍化”、不同基因组之间的相互渗透、以及核-质之间的相互作用等方面。