Promoting educational reforms in weak states: the case of radical policy discontinuity in Peru

The present article explores the making of education policies in weak states, particularly in the context of developing nations and in view of the increasing influence of international organisations, such as the World Bank, in definition of education reform agendas. The discussion seeks to contribute to the theory of weak states by highlighting the importance of political processes of interest articulation and mobilisation, and by suggesting that state weakness can vary internally from one policy to another. It does so with reference to education and to a study of radical discontinuity in Peruvian education policies.     

The Global Partnership for Education’s evolving support to fragile and conflict-affected states

In this study, we trace the history of policy development within the Global Partnership for Education to discern the drivers behind the uptake of its shifting policies relating to education in fragile and conflict-affected states. In order to elucidate how and why this international organization has altered its policy stance and funding modalities, we employ a process tracing analysis of document and interview data. Moreover, we provide three country case studies of Global Partnership for Education financing to Liberia, Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.     

国际组织全球教育治理的路径比较研究——基于核心素养框架的分析

20世纪末以来,联合国教科文组织、经合组织、欧盟等三大国际组织遴选并确立了各自的核心素养框架体系。联合国教科文组织将七大核心素养作为各国教育质量监测与评价的依据;经合组织通过PISA测试成功地将"核心素养"变成全球教育话题,致力于通过PISA测试推动各国教育改革;欧盟赋予成员国较大的自主权,帮助各国建构并落实各自的核心素养框架体系。这三大国际组织落实核心素养的过程具有全球教育治理的共同特征:从治理理念来看,全球教育治理以人类普世价值为基本目标;从治理主体来看,需要建构不同主体之间的互助关系;从治理过程来看,需要建立动态向心的治理体系;从治理手段来看,应以详实的数据为依据制定"游戏规则"。     

全民教育政策转移中的国际非政府组织——以全球教育运动联盟为个案

随着全球化的发展,各国在教育领域开展愈加丰富的全球教育合作与交流,跨国间教育政策的转移扩散日益成为一种普遍的社会现象和行为。其中,国际非政府组织的一些跨国的行为者,在传播教育基本价值与规范、促进国际教育合作交流、融合与扩散国际教育政策等方面日益显示出重要的作用。在全民教育政策的跨国转移扩散发展进程中,非政府组织通过跨国倡议网络机制发挥着重要作用。以全球教育运动联盟为个案,考察全球教育运动网络、传播全民教育政策过程中倡议的基本理念与采取的主要集体行动策略,将有助于更好地理解非政府组织在国际教育政策转移方面发挥的重要作用。     

新自由主义与民族保守主义的钟摆交替:欧美国家国际学生流动政策的逻辑与演变

国际学生在一国发展中的战略地位毋庸置疑。在国际学生的招收和使用上,国家和政府不是被动的接收者,政府在国际学生的招收和使用方面扮演重要的建构性角色。通过梳理和解读国际学生流动政策和措施,文章进一步厘清了21世纪以来欧美发达国家国际学生流动政策背后的新自由主义和民族保守主义逻辑。欧美发达国家一方面意识到争夺国际学生对于在"全球人才竞赛"中增强国家竞争优势至关重要;另一方面为照顾本国日益消极的舆论和选民日益高涨的民族主义情绪,严格缩紧国际学生的移民签证。在不同阶段或者不同执政党领导时期,国际学生流动政策呈现出以国家利益为轴心,在新自由主义与民族保守主义之间来回摇摆的演变态势。如何在激烈的"全球人才竞赛"中保持优势与照顾到更加民族主义的国内舆论之间保持平衡,成为欧美国家国际学生流动政策的重点和难点。     

A perspective on education for sustainable development: Historical development of environmental education in Indonesia

This article examines the historical development of environmental education (EE) in Indonesia with emphasis on the non-formal sector, and applies its findings to the discussion on education for sustainable development (ESD), which seldom draws on case studies from developing countries. Local socio-economic and political conditions have made EE in Indonesia similar to ‘ESD’ in terms of its topical scope involving various social issues, although whether it should be referred to as ESD remains unclear. In contrast to the existing concerns about ESD, it involves critical views on the prevailing models of (neo-liberal) economic development. This article also shows that EE, like ESD, is at risk of exploitation by vested interests.     

联合国教科文组织可持续发展教育的动因、路径及保障*——基于对“绿色教育伙伴计划”的分析

为响应国际社会对气候变化教育的迫切需求,持续为联合国可持续发展教育注入动力,联合国教科文组织于2022年正式启动“绿色教育伙伴计划”。该计划围绕四大支柱展开路径构想,并积极展开行动:在“绿色学校”支柱中鼓励以合作促发展;在“绿色课程”支柱中努力扩大相关课程比重;在“绿色师资培训和教育系统能力”支柱中推动完善教育工作者的相关培训;在“绿色社区”支柱中支持以社区推动社会转型。为了确保计划的顺利开展与实践的持续深化,教科文组织采取了加大中微观政策支持、持续积累资金支持和大力倡导全机构支持等政策层面、经济层面和社会层面的多重保障举措。     

China’s International Education Initiatives and View of Its Role in Global Governance

China is becoming an increasingly important actor in global governance. This paper contends that China participates by promoting its own global governance concepts on the one hand and by complying with the established global norms on the other. The paper introduces several key global governance concepts of the Chinese government and argues that they are likely to persist due to their roots in traditional Chinese Daoist and Confucian philosophies. It then focuses on China’s initiatives in education—the creation of Confucius Institutes and China’s involvement in United Nations (UN) educational initiatives—as examples of the Chinese approach. Finally, the paper discusses China’s educational profile in relation to its broader role in global governance.     

The sociology of policy change within international organisations: beyond coercive and normative perspectives – towards circuits of power

ABSTRACT

For international organisations in the global education policy field, legitimacy is based in large part on the supposed techno-rational basis of these organisations and their ability to credibly produce knowledge and policy expertise. However, as the present article demonstrates, there are clearly a range of macro–micro organisational dynamics driving the production of knowledge and the policy ideas that are advanced. By revealing the way that a particular policy emerged and was promoted within the World Bank, this article seeks to expose the way that policy innovation is produced by the iterative interplay of agentic activity and particular organisational circumstances – and how this process is used to maintain and extend the influence of international organisations and the individuals who represent them. By drawing on Stewart Clegg’s ‘circuits of power’ approach, we seek to theorise the internal dynamics of international organisations, and, in so doing, to move beyond the dominant coercive and normative perspectives.     

教育治理：实现全民教育目标的钥匙—对《2009全民教育全球监测报告》的解读

2008年11月联合国教科文组织发布了《2009全民教育全球监测报告》（EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009）,提出全民教育事业任重道远,教育治理是实现全民教育的关键。在国际范围内,历年的监测报告都以特定的主题与视角分析全民教育的发展状况。《2009全民教育全球监测报告》在教育治理方面提出了诸多理念与建议。     

When does a nation-level analysis make sense? ESD and educational governance in Brazil,South Africa,and the USA

International policy analysis tends to simplify the nation state, portraying countries as coherent units that can be described by one statistic or placed into one category. As scholars from Brazil, South Africa, and the USA, we find the nation-centric research perspective particularly challenging. In each of our home countries, the effective influence of the national government on education is quite limited, particularly in fringe and emerging areas of education such as Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Climate Change Education (CCE). This essay explores how nation-level comparisons are and are not useful for international research on ESD and CCE. We consider several layers of decentralized governance, but ultimately come to the conclusion that ESD governance in our respective countries is polycentric rather than decentralized. We discuss the implications of this idea for cross-national policy research on ESD and CCE.     

从世界意识到全球素养:美国中小学国际理解教育政策的演进

美国中小学国际理解教育政策的发展经历了三个阶段:培养世界意识的初创阶段、在争议中前行的稳步发展阶段和强调全球素养培养的深入阶段。其发展呈现出始终服务于国家利益,由政府与社会力量共同推进,以课程建设为核心等特征。这为我国中小学国际理解教育政策的发展提供了有益启示,即需要加强重视国际理解素养培养的力度,建立完备的中小学国际理解教育政策体系,扩大国际理解教育政策的研究主体和制定主体,注重中小学国际理解教育课程建设。     

Explaining the persistence of “decentralisation” of education in Egypt

This study examines how and why decentralisation remained central to education reform in Egypt over the period 1990–2016 despite the mixed outcome at both the national and international levels. Three decentralisation models were examined: community schools, public-private partnerships and school-based management. Network analysis was combined with a process-tracing approach to identify the key actors and mechanisms causing policy persistence. Analysis revealed international agencies used coercion through funding and persuasion by framing the models to match political sponsors’ interests. There was also bounded-rational learning by national actors from foreign experts and experiences and several complementary mechanisms with minor influence.     

Promoting a Research Agenda in Education within and beyond Policy and Practice*

Educational research should both inform policy and practice and be forward looking, anticipating the future questions of policymakers, teachers and the community. This paper uses one research organisation, the New Zealand Council for Educational Research (NZCER), as a case study to illustrate possible strategies for promoting research through utilising and building upon research-policymaking and research-practice linkages. It highlights some of the issues, opportunities, and risks for research resulting from the demand for evidence-based policy and from the trend for practitioners to be integral to the research team as research partners and as researchers. It also raises some challenges for research organisations if they are to work effectively both within and beyond the policy and practice parameters of the day. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论当前农村教育问题的重要性——一种国际视角

目前世界上二分之一的人口生活在农村。据专家估计,到2015年全世界仍将有45％的人继续生活在农村。通常的教育统计中都没有将农村教育单独列出,这就充分说明对农村教育的不重视。而且城乡教育投资和教学质量差异广泛而持久存在。世界范围的广泛的城市化已成为全球面临的挑战,实际上它排斥了对农村发展问题的关注。农村自身在这场变革中,不应处在等待或被动状态,而应主动积极地成为这种变革的一部分。教育是塑造和完成农村转型目标的主要手段之一,包括为所有人的终生教育、正规和非正规教育,及非正式的学习机会－必须真正为农村转型服务。