知识创新教学过程的三层转换——以Knowledge Forum支持下的协作学习为例

学校中的知识创新教学是一种培养人的活动,这与企业的"创新"活动有很大不同,它要求学生能够切实开展知识的建构与创新。为了探索中国大陆知识建构课堂的知识创新过程,文章构建了一个不断转换的知识生成过程,通过KnowledgeForum(知识论坛,简称KF)的功能外化从个人知识、小组知识、社区知识的发展及转换过程开展研究,深入探讨学习者从知识建构走向知识创新的机理。文章认为师生在KF中进行创新性的知识创造活动,通过协作性的知识建构,保证创新性观点的产生以及社区知识的推进,为一线教师开展知识建构教学实践提供一定的指导。     

在线协作学习中的集体责任与个体生成角色

文章结合社会网络分析法、内容分析法和统计分析法,通过实证研究分析了在线协作学习中集体责任和个体生成角色的发展动态,及其对知识建构过程的协同促进作用。研究结果表明,在线协作学习过程中,集体责任的三个特征(参与意识、协同交互、均衡发展)与个体生成角色(探究引申、知识促进、知识整合、探究管理)的分布形态之间存在相互促进、动态演进的复杂关系,且两者共同影响协作对话本质。探讨在线协作学习中集体责任与个体生成角色之间的关系,有助于创设在线协作学习环境,并为知识建构提供策略性参考。     

Collaborative research for sustainable learning: the case of developing innovation capabilities at Volvo Cars

This paper aims to make a contribution to the stream of literature on action research by describing a longitudinal collaborative research project which evolved out of a long-term, participation partnership with Volvo Cars. The collaboration was aimed at developing innovation capabilities in the company and accumulating knowledge on how capabilities are developed. The paper provides insights into the design of collaborative research projects to enable mutual, sustainable learning. It draws on key notions in the literature on collaborative management research and action learning, highlighting the research design of the project at Volvo Cars and its relations to action learning. The paper describes how the research design opened the way to establishing a learning system at Volvo Cars while simultaneously generating new scientific knowledge within the area of innovation capabilities. The paper provides rich and detailed data on a collaborative research setting and highlights key aspects related to organizing and undertaking collaborative research.     

经验认知冲突探究法——一种翻转课堂模式下的深度协作知识建构学习策略探索

协作知识建构是实现知识创新的重要途径,然而,在场无建构、建构无深度和深度难持续的现象是翻转课堂面临的主要挑战,原因在于学习者的经验知识匮乏、概念建构乏力和持续动力不足。为此,研究基于经验之塔理论和认知冲突理论提出了经验认知冲突探究法,它包括经验生成系统、个体认知冲突系统、集体认知冲突系统和知识建构系统。采用基于设计的研究方法,通过三轮迭代实验逐步改进了评价权重、问题设计和学习支架,最终形成了一种翻转课堂模式下的深度协作知识建构策略。研究结果表明,经验认知冲突探究法消解了以微视频为主的经验学习模式的局限性,提供了多元化经验生成方式,建立了以问题嵌入驱动个体、小组和集体认知冲突的基本方法,开发的学习支架能够促进学习者进行深度协作知识建构的连续统发展。     

Student-Directed Assessment of Knowledge Building Using Electronic Portfolios

Despite emphasis and progress in developing collaborative inquiry in computer-supported collaborative learning research, little attention has been given to examining how collective learning can be assessed in computer-supported collaborative learning classrooms, and how students can have agency in assessing their own collaborative process. We propose that assessments should capture both individual and collective aspects of learning and be designed in ways that foster collaboration. We describe the design of student-directed electronic portfolio assessments to characterize and “scaffold” collaborative inquiry using Knowledge Forum?. Our design involved asking students to identify exemplary notes in the computer discourse depicting knowledge building episodes using four knowledge building principles as criteria. We report three studies that examined the designs and roles of knowledge building portfolios with graduate and Grade 12 students in Hong Kong and Canada. The findings suggest that knowledge building portfolios help to characterize collective knowledge advances and foster domain understanding. We discuss lessons learned regarding how knowledge building may be fostered and provide principles for designing assessments that can be used to evaluate and foster deep inquiry in asynchronous online discussion environments.     

协作学习交互分析方法之反思

当今教育理念已经从关注个体知识建构转向关注群体知识建构。协作学习作为一种群体建构的方式,已经成为各级各类教育特别是高等教育的一种主要学习方式。交互是协作学习的基本活动单元,也是理解协作学习本质的关键。交互分析是探究协作学习规律、把握协作学习过程变化的核心,也是诊断学习者对教学目标掌握程度的依据。交互分析研究的重心已经从交互的各种影响因素转移到小组交互过程的研究。但目前关于交互过程的研究主要集中在宏观的交互模式、成员关系、交互行为特征等方面,还存在对交互过程的分析粒度过粗、视交互为静态的过程、以及缺乏客观、有效的分析方法和工具等问题。目前已有的9种协作学习交互分析方法大多从言语行为的视角对交互过程进行分析,在划分分析单元、确定客观且可重用的编码体系,以及保证分析方法的信效度方面面临诸多挑战。基于信息流的协作学习交互分析方法着眼于整体,注重过程,并用新的效标即信息流所映射的目标知识网络图的总激活量来预测交互效果,信效度较高,可能成为一种有前景的交互分析方法。     

E-learning中基于Web的概念图协同创作系统研究

概念图是学生协作知识建构的一种有效支持工具,然而在Web环境下概念图的协同创作系统的研究却并不多见。鉴于此,文章通过对协作学习中概念图的理论研究,分析了概念图协作创建过程中学习者的认知过程,设计了基于概念图的协作知识建构的理论模型,设计了概念图协作创作系统的功能模型和动态模型,介绍了基于Flex和FMS技术的系统实现方案,讨论了系统功能和实现过程。文章的研究成果能丰富协作知识建构的理论研究,推进概念图在网络协作学习实践中的应用。     

基于知识生成的工作场所学习

工作场所学习作为一种有别于传统"学校本位教育"的学习方式,发生在工作场所之中,其内涵经历了知识技能观、交互观、过程观和混合观四个阶段的发展演化。伴随新媒体技术在工作场所中的应用与普及,工作场所学习的内涵发生了新的变化:工作学习一体化、集体知识群建共享、工作学习内容生成而非预设等。知识生成视角下的工作场所学习是工作场所学习的高级形式,它的提出是以知识生成隐喻为基础,强调集体知识库的生成、虚实结合的协作交流与分享、学习者之间的交流与互动。学习元平台作为一种能够支持协同创建、内容生成以及语义关联的知识社区,可以支持虚实结合的工作场所学习方式,实现知识与技能获得、参与工作任务、知识系统化生成三个阶段的学习。     

Co-teaching as a context for teachers' professional learning and joint knowledge construction

The study examined two primary teachers' professional learning and joint knowledge construction in the context of co-teaching. The teachers narrated their learning as a collaborative process with serendipitous origins. Shared knowledge construction was crucial in the learning process, as was implementing the resulting new ideas in practice. It is concluded that experiences of co-teaching may support teachers in meeting their professional responsibilities effectively. Professional development programmes need to be sensitive to teachers' individual and collaborative learning experiences to be able better to support them in the natural context of those experiences in particular local and national contexts.     

Knowledge organization through multiple representations in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment

Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environments provide learners with multiple representational tools for storing, sharing, and constructing knowledge. However, little is known about how learners organize knowledge through multiple representations about complex socioscientific issues. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate learners’ knowledge organization (KO) through multiple representations in a CSCL environment. We designed a learning unit on nuclear energy and implemented it with a group of 20 college students. The participants used a web-based hypertext KO platform that incorporated three representational modes: textual, pictorial, and concept map. The platform interlinked learners’ knowledge entries based on similar keywords. Utilizing mixed methods research we analyzed the individual entries and the knowledge base to determine KO both at the individual and the collective levels. We found that the density of the knowledge base was high; the learners mostly benefited from their text- and concept map-based entries, though the picture-based entries were also an important means for connecting entries with similar content and hence creating a dense knowledge base. Our results suggest that KO with multiple representations can create a more comprehensive knowledge base. Using distinct analytical approaches will allow CSCL researchers to better identify KO both at the individual and collective levels.     

“集体性知识”：中国教育改革解释框架的再叙述

“集体性知识”,作为中国教育改革的一种解释框架,更多是看问题的整体视角：从整体关照的角度,凝视精神产品生产方式对社会活动、对群体间的关系、对人的精神状况所形成的错综复杂与跌宕纵横;更多是一个过程：以某些特殊方式,诠释教育改革的不断阅读、重新发现、一再开始;更多具有方法意义：构成最一般的分析背景,是理论构想的来源与经验研究的实际范域。在这样的理解下,知识、集体、理论资源也更兼备丰厚与拓展的性格。     

Building trust and shared knowledge in communities of e-learning practice: collaborative leadership in the JISC eLISA and CAMEL lifelong learning projects

Trust and collective learning are useful features that are enabled by effective collaborative leadership of e‐learning projects across higher and further education (HE/FE) institutions promoting lifelong learning. These features contribute effectively to the development of design for learning in communities of e‐learning practice. For this, reflexivity, good leadership and the capacity to engage in innovation is crucial to team performance. This paper outlines a serendipitously useful combination of innovative models of collaboration emerging from two 2005–06 UK e‐learning pilots: the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) e‐Learning Independent Study Award (eLISA) and JISC infoNet Collaborative Approaches to the Management of e‐Learning (CAMEL) projects. The JISC‐funded eLISA Distributed e‐Learning (DeL) project set up a collaborative partnership among teachers to try out LAMS and Moodle using study skills in e‐learning. Simultaneously, the JISC infoNet CAMEL project developed a model of collaborative approaches to e‐learning leadership and management across four UK HE/FE institutions. This paper proposes two new theoretical collaborative team leadership and operational models for e‐learning projects, including indices of trust, reflexivity and shared procedural knowledge, recommending that these models are further developed in future communities of e‐learning practice in institutions promoting lifelong learning.     

New Model,New Strategies: Instructional design for building online wisdom communities

We discuss the development of an instructional design model, WisCom (Wisdom Communities), based on socio‐constructivist and sociocultural learning philosophies and distance education principles for the development of online wisdom communities, and the application and evaluation of the model in an online graduate course in the USA. The WisCom model aims to facilitate transformational learning by fostering the development of a wisdom community, knowledge innovation, and mentoring and learner support in an online learning environment, based on a “Cycle of Inquiry” module design, and a “Spiral of Inquiry” program design. Extending beyond current instructional design practice, WisCom provides both a new model for teaching that builds upon the inherent capacity of networked communication to support the growth and intellectual development of communities of practice, and a new model of learning where learners engage in the process of scholarly inquiry that supports individual and collective learning. Evaluation and research data support the WisCom model's ability to design a learning community engaged in the collaborative construction of knowledge.     

Building collective leadership capacity using collaborative twenty-first century digital tools

The current research explores how using collaborative twenty-first century digital tools developed the collective leadership capacity among participants in an educational leadership course. A qualitative interpretive approach was used. The data show how learning within the digital collaborative spaces was multidirectional and enhanced the possibilities of each student’s learning and practice. Communicating, curating and sharing knowledge, led to the development of new insights and support of mutual practice. The authors argue that the group’s collaborative endeavours produced substantive collective knowledge that elevated practice, and in so doing created collective leadership capacity within educational institutions and organisations in Trinidad and Tobago.     

基于项目的协作知识建构课程内实践教学改革——以“人力资源管理”课程为例

协作知识建构是网络环境下新型的教学模式,基于项目的协作知识建构是协作知识建构的一种具体学习方式。文章以知识建构理论为依据,设计8个＂基于课堂的、基于网络的、基于社会的教学实践＂协作知识建构项目,并且以＂设计一份有创意的招聘网站＂为例,呈现了一个基于项目的协作知识建构学习的全过程。通过5个学期,12个班级的教学实践,提出该教学法由教学分析、情境创设、知识建构、绩效评估四个主要阶段组成,包括二维教学分析、三层情境创设、三重知识建构、多维度绩效评价反馈等关键环节。     

Knowledge convergence and collaborative learning

This paper operationalized the notion of knowledge convergence and assessed quantitatively how much knowledge convergence occurred during collaborative learning. Knowledge convergence was defined as an increase in common knowledge where common knowledge referred to the knowledge that all collaborating partners had. Twenty pairs of college students collaborated to learn a science text about the human circulatory system. Comparisons of individual pre-test and post-test performance revealed that students shared more knowledge pieces and mental models after collaboration. Although the amount of convergence was modest, analyses showed that collaborative interaction was responsible for the increase in common knowledge. The increase in common knowledge was observed in knowledge that was never stated in the learning text as well as in knowledge that was explicitly presented in the text. The amount of convergence was related to interaction such that real pairs shared more knowledge than nominal pairs, and more interactive pairs shared more inferred knowledge than less interactive pairs. Collaborative dialogues and learning artifacts (e.g., drawings) also indicated that common knowledge was constructed during collaboration. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between the impression of strong convergence assumed in the literature and the results of this study are discussed along with the need to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the notion that includes its process, outcome, and sources of convergence.     

知识建构的有效途径：基于作品创作的协作学习

基于作品创作的协作学习以小组共同创作作品的形式开展协作学习,将实践创作与协作学习密切地结合起来,能有效发挥实践参与和深度合作的双重作用,以促进学习者对知识的深度建构,提高学习者的实践能力,以及促进创新知识产品的形成.文章在阐述基于作品创作的协作学习典型实践案例的基础上,分析了基于作品创作的协作学习的特征,并剖析了其对促进学习者知识建构的意义.     

Cohere：有效利用开放教育资源学习中的集体智慧

集体智慧在开放教育资源学习中的作用日渐凸显,Cohere作为一款在线社会性语义注释及知识地图工具可以有效地支持和利用开放教育资源学习中的集体智慧.Cohere实现了网页注释、语义连接和信息筛选的功能,形成了包括文本、观点和社交的协作网络概念模型.在开放教育资源的学习中,利用Cohere可以进行知识管理、思维的可视化和协作式辩论学习.     

基于CiteSpace分析的国内外协同创新比较研究

为了综合比较国内外协同创新领域的研究现状与热点,运用信息可视化软件CiteSpace V,以CSSCI数据库中1 186篇文献与Web of Science核心合集中1 502篇文献为数据池,绘制国内外协同创新研究领域知识图谱。通过文献年度分析、核心作者及重要机构合作网络分析、关键性共现分析,对国内外协同创新进行评价与比较研究。研究结果表明,创新绩效与技术创新是国内外共同关注的焦点,高等院校是国内外协同创新研究的主要阵地;国内协同创新侧重于对战略性新兴产业与学科建设的探索研究,而国外协同创新偏向于系统与模式研究及绩效研究。     

知识管理视角下开放教育学籍管理基本问题探讨

知识管理是通过知识共享,运用集体的智慧,提高组织的应变能力和创新能力,以增强组织竞争优势的管理方法。开放教育学籍管理应该从编码化战略选择、信息系统建设、规范化流程建设、知识共享及人员流动机制建设等方面改进管理方式和手段,以适应知识管理理念要求。