儿童多食症辨析

常常发现一些孩子入园时，手里拿的包里装的都是吃的喝的，有的孩子则干脆拿着家长给的零花钱去买零食。这种现象应引起人们的重视，因为儿童入园以前大多都在家里吃过饭了，到幼儿园里还要添加副食，如再加上儿童带的零食，天长日久，儿童对食物的心理需求和进食量超过其身体所需的营养量，这实际是一种病症，称儿童多食症。此症有轻重之分，轻度的一般不必在意，但严重的则会对儿童身心发展产生不良影响：在生理上，儿童多食症可导致消化系统疾病和肥胖症等；在心理上，患有多食症的儿童，容易养成对食物的依赖心理，过于肥胖的儿童还易产…     

胃镜诊断青年人胃癌46例分析

胃癌是常见癌瘤之一,居消化系统癌症首位,发病年龄多在40岁以上,而青年人胃癌也并非少见,现将我科于1978年-1998年8月经胃镜检查的634例胃癌中30岁以下的患者46例分析如下。     

儿童,儿童!

1995年的 6月 1日已是第 45个国际儿童节。 1 949年 1 1月 ,国际民主妇女联合会在莫斯科举行会议 ,为敦促国际社会保护儿童生存权利 ,改善儿童生存环境 ,遂将每年的 6月 1日定为国际儿童节。45年来 ,世界上多数国家、国际组织都采取了切实措施 ,促进了儿童保护、福利和教育的发展 ,在减少儿童营养不良、疾病和文盲上做了大量工作。然而在另一方面 ,战争、贫穷和疾病无论在过去、现在以至将来都威胁着儿童的生存。     

胃镜检查的配合与护理体会

胃镜检查是目前国内外确诊胃、十二指肠疾病的一种比较先进的诊断手段,已广泛应用到各基层医院,并被广大患者接受。我院自1993年8月开展胃镜检查项目以来,至今接受检查者近4000人次,年龄最大者82岁,最小者为12岁,成功率达100％,诊断符合率达99.5％,现将我们在胃镜检查中协助医生完成操作的配合与护理体会报告如下。     

饭店基层员工对工作相关疾病的感知研究

分析了饭店基层员工对工作相关疾病的感知,以及不同类型员工的感知差异.研究发现:饭店基层员工对可能罹患工作相关疾病持“较担心”态度,认为罹患可能性较大的工作相关疾病主要是运动系统、心理和消化系统疾病,可能性较小的是心血管、呼吸系统和部分消化系统疾病;不同性别、年龄、工作年限、日加班时间和所在部门的员工对可能罹患的工作相关疾病类型和可能性的感知,有明显差异.基于研究结果,提出保障饭店员工职业健康的建议.     

消化系统疾病常见的不合理用药分析

对消化系统疾病常见的不合理用药进行分析,促进临床医师合理用药．     

钡餐与B超对胃下垂检查的对比分析

胃下垂的诊断除临床检查外,多年来一直使用钡餐上消化道造影检查方法。由于目前先进技术发展,应用胃镜检查诊断胃部疾病使医务人员的常规可靠方法,但胃镜对胃下垂不能做出明确诊断,为此自1990年以来使用钡餐造影诊断胃下垂60例患者中又采用B超检查进行了对比,现将使用方法及结果报告。 1 材料与方法 病历60例,年龄26—68岁,平均年龄48岁,均为1990年以来在我院住院和门诊病例,多数是因不接受胃镜检查行上消化道造影的患者。 方法:上消化造影和B超均采用站立位     

在宁某高校大学生住院疾病分析

目的分析在宁某高校大学生近三年住院疾病构成情况,为高校预防保健工作的开展提供可参考依据。方法对该校2010年9月1日至2013年8月31日住院学生资料按国际疾病分类ICD-10进行统计分析,得出前5位易发疾病。结果 3个学年期间该校共有住院大学生627例,发病率较高的分别是:消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、泌尿生殖系统疾病、损伤中毒和外因的某些其他后果、肿瘤。结论调查结果显示大学生患病主要疾病为呼吸道和消化道疾病;泌尿生殖器官疾病和肿瘤女生发病率高于男生。     

老年人上消化道疾病的胃镜诊断与临床特征

我院自1993年1月～1994年12月,共做胃镜检查4221例,其中60岁以上老年人756例。为探讨老年人上消化道疾病的发病情况及临床特征,本文作如下分析:     

生命教育视野下4-6岁儿童对疾病认知特点的研究

本研究以疾病为对象,从儿童认知发展角度,在朴素理论的框架下,通过调查 4-6 岁儿童对不同主体疾病现象区分、对疾病不可控的认知状况以及对疾病因果解释的状况,考察 4-6 岁儿童对疾病相关概念的认知特点,研究儿童对疾病的认知发展水平。根据现有的理论基础提出相关建议,以便支持 4-6 岁儿童的生命教育水平的发展。     

What do Children Aged Four to Seven Know about the Digestive System and the Respiratory System of the Human Being and of Other Animals?

The object of this paper is to learn what little children know about the inside of their bodies before they have studied these particular aspects at school. The data for our project were collected by means of drawings made by 342 Spanish children aged four to seven. They were required to depict where the food, drink, and air which enter their bodies go. In addition to this, we intend to study how the ideas of children evolve during three consecutive years. For this purpose, a group of 32 subjects was monitored. Our findings show that the children recognise specific organs in their own bodies which they associate with the intake of food and air. Furthermore, they usually extrapolate those organs to other animals they are familiar with. Their ideas about the digestive system are more adequate than the ones about the respiratory system, though their ideas improve as they become older, above all those concerning the digestive system. Taking these findings as a basis, this paper suggests some points to be taken into consideration for teaching purposes.     

Development of anxiety disorders in a traumatized pediatric population: a preliminary longitudinal evaluation

OBJECTIVE: The current study was conducted to determine if post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology predicted later development of non-PTSD anxiety disorders in children and adolescents victimized by interpersonal trauma. METHODS: Thirty-four children with a history of interpersonal trauma and no initial diagnosis of anxiety disorder participated in the study. Children were assessed at time one (T1) and then 12-18 months later at time two (T2). At T1, the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) were used to evaluate children's PTSD symptoms and comorbid non-PTSD anxiety disorder diagnosis. At T2, the CAPS-CA and the K-SADS-PL were repeated. RESULTS: The diagnosis of PTSD and PTSD symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal trauma at T1, particularly the symptoms associated with avoidance and constricted emotional expression (criteria C) as well as physiological hyperarousal (criteria D), predicted the development of other anxiety disorders at T2. CONCLUSION: Traumatized children with initial PTSD symptomatology may be at risk of later development of other anxiety disorders.     

The relationship between gender, depression, and self-esteem in children who have witnessed domestic violence.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether there are measurable gender differences in self-esteem and depression in elementary school-age children who have witnessed domestic violence. METHOD: Forty-five elementary school-age children who were identified as having witnessed domestic violence, and their teachers were surveyed for self-esteem, depression, and classroom behaviors. The results were compared between males and females using linear regression modeling. RESULTS: No significant gender differences were found for self-esteem and depression. An interaction between gender and post-traumatic stress was found to play a significant role in the interpretation of the results. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that higher levels of symptoms indicative of post-traumatic stress were associated with greater numbers of depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem for boys who had witnessed domestic violence. The results appeared similar to previous work with children and their emotional reactions to divorce.     

Differential symptom pattern of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in maltreated children with and without concurrent depression

OBJECTIVE: The present study attempted to examine specific differences in the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among abused children with and without concurrent depression. METHOD: PTSD and depressive symptoms were identified that discriminate between 98 children divided into three groups: (1) abused children with PTSD, (2) nonabused children who meet criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and (3) abused children with both PTSD and MDD. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that nine items reflecting depressive symptomatology, primarily vegetative symptoms, differentiated the diagnostic groups (PTSD-only, MDD-only, and the combined group). A discriminant analysis revealed that the sum of responses to the nine significant items adequately predicted diagnostic classification for those with PTSD and depression, but did not correctly diagnose any in the combined group. Analyses also revealed that three post-trauma symptoms, including psychological amnesia, flashbacks/reenactments, and sleep difficulties, discriminated between the groups. The PTSD-only group reported more episodes of psychological amnesia while the PTSD and MDD group experienced more flashbacks. CONCLUSIONS: For the sample of abused children examined, these results illuminate differences with respect to PTSD symptom presentation for those children with PTSD who have a concurrent depressive disorder and their nondepressed counterparts. Children with PTSD who have a concurrent depression report greater levels of intrusive PTSD-related symptoms.     

Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether infants have a traumatic response to intimate partner violence (male violence toward their female partner; IPV) experienced by their mothers, two questions were explored: (1) Is the number of infant trauma symptoms related to the infant's temperament and the mother's mental health? (2) Does severity of violence moderate those relationships? METHODOLOGY: Forty-eight mothers reported whether their 1-year-old infants experienced trauma symptoms as a result of witnessing episodes of IPV during their first year of life. Mothers also reported on their own trauma symptoms that resulted from experiences of IPV. RESULTS: For those infants experiencing severe IPV and whose mothers exhibit trauma symptoms, we were able to predict whether infants exhibited trauma symptoms (b = .53, p < .01). This was not true for children who witnessed less severe IPV (b= -.14, ns). Maternal depressive symptoms and difficult infant temperament did not predict infant trauma symptoms for either group of infants. CONCLUSION: Mothers report that infants as young as 1-year-old can experience trauma symptoms as a result of hearing or witnessing IPV. The significant relationship between infant and maternal trauma symptoms, especially among those infants experiencing severe IPV, are consistent with the theory of relational PTSD. Findings suggest that interventions for mothers and families need to consider the influence of the severity of IPV on very young children.     

Kid's stuff: the nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children

OBJECTIVE: It is widely presumed that when children are hit by peers or siblings, it is not as serious as similar acts between adults or older youth, which would be termed, "assaults" and "violent crimes". The goal of this study was to compare the violent peer and sibling episodes of younger children to those of older youth in terms of their seriousness and association with symptoms that might indicate traumatic effects. METHOD: The study collected reports of past year's violent victimizations and childhood symptoms in a national probability telephone sample of 2030 children and youth ages 2-17. The experiences of 10-17-year olds were obtained via self-reports and those of the 2-9-year olds from caregivers. RESULTS: The younger children's peer and sibling victimizations were not less serious than the older youth on the dimensions of injury, being hit with an object that could cause injury or being victimized on multiple occasions. Younger children and older youth also had similar trauma symptom levels associated with both peer and sibling victimization. CONCLUSION: There was no basis in this study for presuming peer and sibling victimizations to be more benign when they involve younger children. The findings provide justification for being concerned about such peer and sibling violence in schools and families and for counting such victimizations in victimization inventories and clinical assessments.     

Dissociation in maltreated versus nonmaltreated preschool-aged children.

OBJECTIVE: Dissociation is linked to the experience of child maltreatment for adults and for school-aged children. The goals of the current paper were: First, to extend existing research and examine the link between child maltreatment and preschool-aged children; and second, to examine which subgroups of maltreated preschoolers are most likely to evidence dissociation. METHOD: A well-validated measure of dissociation in children, The Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC; Putnam, Helmers, & Trickett, 1993), was utilized in a sample of low SES maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers (N = 198). A measure of internalizing and externalizing symptoms was also utilized. The maltreated children were assessed for sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and also for severity, chronicity, and multiple subtypes of maltreatment. RESULTS: The sexually abused, physically abused, and neglected groups each demonstrated more dissociation than did the nonmaltreated group. Dissociation in the clinical (psychopathological) range was associated with physical abuse. Moreover, maltreatment severity, chronicity, multiple subtypes, and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology were each related to dissociation. CONCLUSIONS: Child maltreatment is a factor in dissociation in preschool-aged children as it is in older children and in adults. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, severity, and chronicity are all implicated. Developmentally sensitive interventions that look beyond comorbidity with behavioral symptoms for dissociative preschool-aged children are needed.     

Hong Kong secondary school students’ attitudes towards science: a study of structural models and gender differences

This paper is concerned with children's conceptions of the structure and function of the human digestive system. It is based on data from an investigation carried out with 45 children between the ages of four and ten. The results indicated that (1) children possess biological knowledge as an independent knowledge domain from the age of 4; (2) the acquisition of the concept of digestion leads to a conceptual revision and enrichment; (3) the concept of transformation can constitute an obstacle to comprehension of the scientific model of the functions of the digestive system.     

The long-term effects of war experiences on children's depression in the Republic of Croatia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate whether different levels of depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys and girls could be predicted on the basis of war experiences, perceived available social support (instrumental support, support to self-esteem, belonging and acceptance) and extraversion. METHODS: The sample consisted of 583 children ages 12 to 15 years; 283 children were displaced from different parts of Croatia for a period of approximately three and a half years. The following instruments were administered: Questionnaire on Children's Stressful and Traumatic War Experiences, Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that more war experiences were related to more depressive symptoms for boys only. The greater extent of perceived available social support for boys (instrumental support, support to self-esteem, belonging and acceptance) related to fewer depressive symptoms. For girls, perceived instrumental support and self-esteem were related to fewer depressive symptoms. Predictors in the boys' sample accounted for 35% of the variance in the results on the depression scale, and 27% in the girls' sample. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that boys suffer more from the long-term effects of war than girls. In situations where children cannot be shielded from stressful events, such as war, a greater level of perceived social support is related to fewer depressive symptoms both for boys and girls in early adolescence.     

Abnormal emotional processing in maltreated children diagnosed of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Maltreated children usually show a specific pattern of emotional and behavioral symptoms that exceed those relating to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These symptoms have been defined as Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The underlying attentional mechanisms of abnormal emotional processing and their relation to the clinical presentation of CPTSD are not well understood. A visual dot-probe paradigm involving pre-attentive (i.e., 500 ms) and attentive (i.e., 1500 ms) presentation rates of neutral versus emotional (i.e., angry, happy or sad) facial expressions was applied. Twenty-one maltreated CPTSD children were compared with twenty-six controls. The results are as follows: an attention bias away from threatening faces and an attentional bias towards sad faces were observed in maltreated CPTSD children during pre-attentive and attentive processing. Whereas the attentional bias away from angry faces was associated with social problems, the attentional bias towards sad faces was associated with depressive and withdrawn symptoms. Therefore, CPTSD children develop maladaptive negative cognitive styles, which may underlie not only social problems (by a cognitive avoidance of threatening stimuli) but also depressive symptoms (by a cognitive approach to sad stimuli). Attention processing abnormalities should be considered as therapeutic targets for new treatment approaches in this population.