“内伤”与“外伤”的双重煎熬——再议福克纳笔下的创伤

威廉.福克纳被公认为南方文学的代表者及美国南方文艺复兴的支柱,他独具匠心地勾勒出一个由创伤编织的世界,再现了社会变革的种种阵痛,揭开了人们难以痊愈的创伤。通过突显主人公的性属创伤和种族创伤,揭露内伤与外伤双重煎熬下创伤的升华,不仅更好地刻画了人物,而且形成一种巨大的张力,深深地触及时代的脉搏,在丰富作品文化内涵的同时,亦拓展了作品的现实意义。     

高校辅导员心理创伤归因及对策探究

高校辅导员作为大学生心理危机的主要干预者,长期处于高应激状态下而易患创伤后应激障碍。学校应该对辅导员进行积极的心理危机预防、干预和恢复管理,降低他们创伤后应激障碍的发生概率,这不仅有利于促进高校心理健康工作的有效开展,同时也有利于促进平安校园和和谐校园的建设。     

The Experience of Columbian Child Soldiers from a Resilience Perspective

There are child soldiers fighting with government forces and opposition groups in more than 30 countries worldwide. Although studies have been conducted on the impact of war-related trauma on children, very few have focused on those children who do not exhibit trauma-related symptoms after experiencing armed combat. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand some of the mechanisms and resources that resilient children draw upon to overcome the trauma of child soldiering. Six Colombian child soldiers were recruited through purposive sampling techniques to participate in a narrative study focusing on their lived experiences and their personal understanding of how they were able to overcome the effects of war trauma. Six narrative themes were identified and discussed in terms of the literature on trauma and childhood resilience and also related to counselling needs and services.     

《特别响,非常近》的创伤解读

《特别响,非常近》在"9·11"事件背景下,讲述了九岁小男孩奥斯卡丧失父亲后疯狂寻锁的经历。拟在创伤理论的基础上,通过解读小说中不同时期各色人物的创伤体验以及创伤复原,呼吁更多人关注身边的创伤群体。     

论毕飞宇小说《雨天的棉花糖》的创伤叙事

书写创伤并非只是描绘一种疼痛体验,而是对于民族文化记忆、人类生存现状、文明发展阶段的反思和自省。《雨天的棉花糖》通过对人物内心的伤痛、情感的破裂、人生的无奈、命运的琐碎等创伤事件的书写,将命运创伤、战争创伤和文化创伤联结在一起,叙说日常生活中不被注意的边缘现象,烛照出通往历史现场的幽秘路径。     

Is there a Complex Trauma Experience typology for Australians experiencing extreme social disadvantage and low housing stability?

Traumatic childhood experiences predict many adverse outcomes in adulthood including Complex-PTSD. Understanding complex trauma within socially disadvantaged populations has important implications for policy development and intervention implementation. This paper examined the nature of complex trauma experienced by disadvantaged individuals using a latent class analysis (LCA) approach. Data were collected through the large-scale Journeys Home Study (N = 1682), utilising a representative sample of individuals experiencing low housing stability. Data on adverse childhood experiences, adulthood interpersonal trauma and relevant covariates were collected through interviews at baseline (Wave 1). Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify distinct classes of childhood trauma history, which included physical assault, neglect, and sexual abuse. Multinomial logistic regression investigated childhood relevant factors associated with class membership such as biological relationship of primary carer at age 14 years and number of times in foster care. Of the total sample (N = 1682), 99% reported traumatic adverse childhood experiences. The most common included witnessing of violence, threat/experience of physical abuse, and sexual assault. LCA identified six distinct childhood trauma history classes including high violence and multiple traumas. Significant covariate differences between classes included: gender, biological relationship of primary carer at age 14 years, and time in foster care. Identification of six distinct childhood trauma history profiles suggests there might be unique treatment implications for individuals living in extreme social disadvantage. Further research is required to examine the relationship between these classes of experience, consequent impact on adulthood engagement, and future transitions though homelessness.     

Cumulative trauma and symptom complexity in children: A path analysis

Multiple trauma exposures during childhood are associated with a range of psychological symptoms later in life. In this study, we examined whether the total number of different types of trauma experienced by children (cumulative trauma) is associated with the complexity of their subsequent symptomatology, where complexity is defined as the number of different symptom clusters simultaneously elevated into the clinical range. Children's symptoms in six different trauma-related areas (e.g., depression, anger, posttraumatic stress) were reported both by child clients and their caretakers in a clinical sample of 318 children. Path analysis revealed that accumulated exposure to multiple different trauma types predicts symptom complexity as reported by both children and their caretakers.     

论哈罗德·品特戏剧中的创伤情结

创伤文学描述的是历史性创伤事件诸如战争等对个人潜意识的影响。品特的许多作品都隐含了他对创伤精神内涵的思考。通过对《尘归尘》的分析,发现品特戏剧人物的创伤记忆来自二战这一人类历史上最骇人听闻的历史记忆。品特从当今所有暴行中都看到了它的影子。战争创伤对品特产生的影响更多的是一种对社会和人类关系内在性的感悟,是对各种恐惧和威胁的体会和感觉。     

《息·望·忆》中马汀之创伤记忆

艾薇菊·丹提卡是当代加勒比海美籍黑人女作家,其处女作《息·望·忆》是一部展现了海地女性的血与泪的创伤小说．本文从马汀所遭受的个人创伤和集体创伤两个方面展开论述．一方面,幼年甘蔗林的噩梦在她脑海里挥之不去,女儿的背叛再次将她推进痛苦的深渊;另一方面,杜瓦利艾政府的专制统治和父权文化压制着海地女人,而流亡在外的海地女性遭受着种族歧视．     

Trauma Response and Recovery Certificate Program: Preparing Students for Effective Practice

This paper describes an innovative approach to preparing MSW students for work with traumatized clients via a trauma certificate program. It explores conceptual and ethical principles of the program and presents results of the formative evaluation done with faculty, field instructors and students from the program's pilot year. Students reported gains in self-ratings of their efficacy in working with trauma in children, adults and communities, as well as articulating what parts of trauma theory were most useful to them in post-graduation. Field instructors were enthusiastic about the knowledge and skills students were building, and suggested further refinements to the program, including increased communication and networking on the topic of trauma.     

Men’s experiences of early life trauma and pathways into long-term homelessness

Previous studies that have explored the association between childhood trauma and homelessness indicate that traumatic events can lead to survivor distrust of interpersonal relationships and institutions, prolonged homelessness and poor health and social outcomes. The majority of this literature relies on quantitative data and fails to investigate the personal experiences of childhood trauma that are found to impact housing status later in life. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 men living in an urban area in Ontario who had spent more than 30 consecutive nights in an emergency shelter over the course of their housing histories. During data analysis, it was observed that all of the men had experienced some form of trauma or neglect in childhood which contributed to their entries into homelessness. Using a case study approach, three entry pathways into long term homelessness are described: 1) youth; 2) emerging or early adulthood; and 3) middle adulthood. Participants are classified into the pathways by the developmental period at which they first entered homelessness. These findings have implications for policy makers and service providers, as key intervention points are identified. Establishing effective interventions that address crises experienced at these points could assist with homelessness prevention across the life course.     

Trauma characteristics and sleep impairment among trauma-exposed children

Trauma-related sleep difficulties are quite common and their functional and clinical importance are increasingly recognized. High rates of sleep problems have been documented among trauma-exposed adults, particularly those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, research with trauma-exposed children is relatively limited. Research specifically with child samples is critical due to the numerous developmental and functional implications that may result from sleep impairment. Characteristics of the traumatic event may play a key role in understanding sleep difficulties, yet, these associations are not well understood among trauma-exposed children. The current study therefore investigated whether aspects of the traumatic event (i.e., type, nature, chronicity, age of onset, removal from home, and complex trauma) were related to higher levels of sleep disturbances among 276 treatment-seeking children ages 6–18 years (M = 10.88, SD = 3.39; 63.4% female; 62.7% Black). Sleep problems were common in this sample. Domestic and community violence exposure were associated with higher levels of select sleep difficulties, as were interpersonal trauma, chronic trauma, a trauma that began early in life, and complex trauma. Nonetheless, type of trauma and characteristics of the traumatic event were largely unrelated to sleep problems on either caregiver’s or children’s reports. Removal from the home was not linked with sleep impairment. Although findings signify the relevance of sleep disturbances among trauma-exposed children, trauma characteristics may have limited influence on sleep problems.     

Where there is no hope: a teacher’s experience with homelessness

Stereotypical notions of who experiences homelessness frame how educational institutions approach policy and program development. This life history of a teacher challenges assumptions by providing an in-depth look at a mother’s struggle to find stability.     

Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma after abuse evaluation

BackgroundEvidence-based, patient-specific estimates of abusive head trauma probability can inform physicians’ decisions to evaluate, confirm, exclude, and/or report suspected child abuse.ObjectiveTo derive a clinical prediction rule for pediatric abusive head trauma that incorporates the (positive or negative) predictive contributions of patients’ completed skeletal surveys and retinal exams.Participants and Setting500 acutely head-injured children under three years of age hospitalized for intensive care at one of 18 sites between 2010 and 2013.MethodsSecondary analysis of an existing, cross-sectional, prospective dataset, including (1) multivariable logistic regression to impute the results of abuse evaluations never ordered or completed, (2) regularized logistic regression to derive a novel clinical prediction rule that incorporates the results of completed abuse evaluations, and (3) application of the new prediction rule to calculate patient-specific estimates of abusive head trauma probability for observed combinations of its predictor variables.ResultsApplying a mean probability threshold of >0.5 to classify patients as abused, the 7-variable clinical prediction rule derived in this study demonstrated sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI: 0.66-0.79) and specificity 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82-0.90). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.92). Patient-specific estimates of abusive head trauma probability for 72 observed combinations of its seven predictor variables ranged from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.08) to 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99).ConclusionsSeven variables facilitate patient-specific estimation of abusive head trauma probability after abuse evaluation in intensive care settings.     

Initial teacher education and trauma and violence informed care in the classroom: Preliminary results from an online teacher education course

A trauma-and-violence-informed-care (TVIC) system within an educational setting provides a framework of practice that enables schools to become safe and inclusive places for some of the most vulnerable students. Initial teacher education may provide the opportunity to prepare teachers to create classrooms and learning experiences that are safe, equitable, and meet students' needs. A mandatory mental health literacy course for second year teacher candidates in a Bachelor of Education program (n = 287) at a large Canadian university introduced TVIC concepts. A case study approach was used to illustrate both the challenges that students exposed to trauma and/or violence can experience, as well as strategies and knowledge that teachers can use to support these students. This program evaluation used a repeated measures design to survey both attitudes toward trauma informed care for teachers and self-efficacy for teaching using inclusive practices before and after the course. A significant effect of time on both measures revealed an increase in both participants' attitudes toward TVIC and their self-efficacy in using inclusive teaching practices. These findings provide support for the inclusion of these important topics for all teacher candidates. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.     

Wounded Healers: Graduate Students with Histories of Trauma in a Family Violence Course

Social work students are witness to a variety of challenges from course content through scenarios, videos, role-plays, and field practice. Students may be vulnerable to experiencing vicarious traumatization from this exposure. Some students, however, may have personal histories of trauma and may therefore experience posttraumatic stress reactions due to triggering of past trauma through course content. This case study examines feedback from three graduate students from a family violence class who self-identified that they had personal histories of trauma from family violence. Their feedback can be beneficial to instructors in managing students' reactions that might be triggered from course content.     

从创伤理论分析《藻海无边》中安托瓦内特的身份追寻

《藻海无边》是英国女作家琼·里斯的代表作,小说一经发表就引起了国内外学者的关注。目前大多数学者都试图从后殖民主义和女性主义分析它,本文试图从创伤理论分析安托瓦内特悲惨的追寻身份的历程,并指出克里奥尔人的尴尬处境。     

对《洛丽塔》的创伤解读

作为创伤亲历者的纳博科夫,在其代表作《洛丽塔》中创造了两个同样遭遇创伤的人物——亨伯特与洛丽塔。创伤给三者的身心均带来了不可磨灭的影响。由于三者以不同的姿态面对创伤,最终拥有了截然不同的人生。积极应对创伤,便可获得美好人生,反之,创伤很可能会导致悲剧的发生。     

20例胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗

回顾性分析1997-2007年收治的20例胰腺损伤的临床资料,探讨胰腺损伤的诊断和治疗方法。认为,胰腺损伤早期诊断困难,应高度警惕;对怀疑或诊断为胰腺损伤者,应尽早手术探查,并根据损伤的部位及严重程度,选择合理的手术方式。     

Teaching Clinical Social Work Under Occupation: Listening to the Voices of Palestinian Social Work Students

The authors were invited to teach clinical social work in the Palestinian West Bank. In order to teach, we designed a study exploring how 65 Palestinian social work students described the psychological and social effects of working under occupation. Students described social stressors of poverty, unemployment, lack of infrastructure, violence, imprisonment, separation of families, and severe constraints on travel. They identified depression, suicide, anxiety, and war-related trauma as emerging from these conditions. Many experienced the same psychosocial problems as their clients in coping with harassment and delays at checkpoints. Implications for teaching social work theory and practice are discussed.