Is three‐dimensional videography the cutting edge of surgical skill acquisition?

The process of learning new surgical technical skills is vital to the career of a surgeon. The acquisition of these new skills is influenced greatly by visual‐spatial ability (VSA) and may be difficult for some learners to rapidly assimilate. In many cases, the role of VSA on the acquisition of a novel technical skill has been explored; however, none have probed the impact of a three‐dimensional (3D) video learning module on the acquisition of new surgical skills. The first aim of this study is to capture spatially complex surgical translational flaps using 3D videography and incorporate the footage into a self‐contained e‐learning module designed in line with the principles of cognitive load theory. The second aim is to assess the efficacy of 3D video as a medium to support the acquisition of complex surgical skills in novice surgeons as evaluated using a global ratings scale. It is hypothesized that the addition of depth in 3D viewing will augment the learner's innate visual spatial abilities, thereby enhancing skill acquisition compared to two‐dimensional viewing of the same procedure. Despite growing literature suggesting that 3D correlates directly to enhanced skill acquisition, this study did not differentiate significant results contributing to increased surgical performance. This topic will continue to be explored using more sensitive scales of measurement and more complex “open procedures” capitalizing on the importance of depth perception in surgical manipulation. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

A REPLY Listening to How You're Heard: On translations,mistranslations, and really bad mistranslations

This study explored the use of video cases to teach literacy instruction to special education pre‐service teachers. One class of pre‐service teachers was examined for knowledge gains and attitudes towards video cases as an instructional medium. Results suggest that video cases did not result in greater learning of phonemic awareness or reading comprehension topics than traditional lectures with discussion teaching. They also provided comparative data on student teachers’ responses to video versus traditional face‐to‐face instruction. Further implications for special education teacher preparation and future research directions are discussed.     

Using Group Viewing of Television to Teach Preschool Children Social Skills

This quasi‐experimental field study assessed whether group viewing of television in a day‐care setting can be used to encourage prosocial behavior in young children. Drawing from social learning theory and cognitive‐developmental stage theory, four short‐ term programs were designed and tested. Children (aged 3‐5 years) from eight day‐care centers in Montreal (n = 150) were part of the study. Intact groups (two settings randomly assigned to condition) participated in 8 days of intervention consisting of group viewing of video‐taped segments of Sesame Street, followed by participation in activities. The programs were evaluated using a 2 X 2 X 2 factorial pretest—post‐test design with video‐type (prosocial, cognitive), activity‐type (cooperative, individualistic), and gender as the three factors. Measures included free‐play observations, a perspective‐taking ability test, and two qualitative measures describing the context. Analysis of covariance (pretest and age combined as covariates) revealed a significant main effect for video‐type on prosocial behavior, and a significant interaction between video‐type and activity‐type on antisocial behavior. Results suggest that prosocial modelling using television can encourage prosocial behavior in the day‐care setting. A group‐viewing context, with or without post‐viewing enactive prosocial training, may enhance prosocial modeling effects.     

USING ADVANCE ORGANIZERS TO FACILITATE READING COMPREHENSION AMONG OLDER ADULTS

The following study investigated the effectiveness of comprehension preadjunct questions as a learning strategy for older adults in a classroom setting. Preadjunct questions are questions presented at the beginning of the to‐be‐learned material to guide what is learned and to increase the likelihood that learners will correctly answer criterion test questions. Fifty‐five adults from 55 to 70 years of age were randomly assigned to two groups: the preadjunct question group and a no‐question control group. The groups viewed a video on high blood pressure and completed a recall posttest immediately after viewing the video and 7 days later. Results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between groups. However, the no‐question control group obtained a higher mean score on both the immediate and delayed recall tests than did the preadjunct question group. Results were explained in terms of resource theory of cognitive aging. If educators plan to use preadjunct questions when teaching older adults, they are advised to build opportunities for training and practice into their teaching plans.     

Video Modeling and Explicit Instruction: A Comparison of Strategies for Teaching Mathematics to Students with Learning Disabilities

As classrooms begin to adopt a greater number of digital technologies such as computers and tablets, it is important for educators to understand how effective such tools can be in aiding in the delivery of instruction to students who struggle in mathematics, such as those identified with a learning disability in mathematics. One digital‐based instructional strategy with a limited research base for students with a learning disability is video modeling. Through a single subject alternating treatments design, this study compared the use of video modeling to face‐to‐face explicit instruction for teaching geometry word problems to three secondary students with a learning disability in mathematics. Across 10 sessions of intervention, all three students demonstrated improved performance on all dependent variables with both interventions, while the explicit instruction condition produced slightly greater accuracy scores for two of the three students. The results and their implications for the field of mathematics are discussed.     

The Effects of Videotape Recording on Microteaching Training Techniques for Education Students

This study was conducted to investigate whether the use of videotape recordings is an effective method of teacher education prior to full‐time teaching practice. Two groups of students were used for the study. The first group was allowed to practice their classroom skills through micro‐teaching with the aid of video recording equipment. The second group also practised their skills through micro‐teaching but without the aid of video recording equipment. At the end of the study it was discovered that the group which used the video recording equipment had made more significant progress in the mastery of the specified teaching skills     

Video Conferencing: a Solution to the Multi-campus Large Classes Problem?

Whether due to amalgamation or export education strategies, many universities now face a problem of delivering subjects, programs and courses across more than one campus. There are significant costs to students, staff and faculty of this teaching and administrative duplication. Information and communication technologies offer potential to achieve economies of scale but the effects on other things like student learning are not so clear. The objective of this paper is to report the outcomes of a video conferencing trial in an undergraduate mass lecture context. The effects on students and staff, and support issues are highlighted through a formative and summative evaluation. Surveys, focus groups, interviews, video recordings, exam results and reflective diaries provided data for the evaluations. The results will be useful both for decision-makers considering a video conferencing solution to duplication, as well as for staff potentially involved in using the video conferencing in a mass lecture context.     

高清视频会议系统在高校中的应用

随着远程视频会议系统技术的发展,其图像质量和系统功能得到不断的完善。非常适合应用于高校的远程视频教学。从而有效地解决教学资源异地化带来的障碍。福建信息职业技术学院高清视频互动教学合作项目依托现有网络平台。采用视频硬件系统与其他高校视频系统对接,实施视频教学。在网络上,系统采用内网IP,通过NAT、Qos等技术保证系统所需的网络带宽。学院在实现两岸教学的同时。还对系统应用进行扩展。在“校企合作”、院选课等方面也得到了有效应用。     

Video viewing in teacher education and professional development: A literature review

This article reviews the international literature on video viewing in teacher education and professional development. Two hundred and fifty-five articles were collected, summarized and categorized using a conceptualization that includes four aspects: teachers' activity as they view a classroom video, the objectives of video viewing, the types of videos viewed, and the effects of video viewing on teacher education and professional development. The findings in each of these aspects suggested three main questions that may profitably guide future research: How can teaching teachers to identify and interpret relevant classroom events on video clips improve their capacity to perform the same activities in the classroom? How can we best articulate the diverse objectives of video viewing and the diverse types of videos in teacher education and professional development programs? How can we create a “continuum” between teacher education programs and professional development programs in such a way that video viewing becomes a routine, familiar professional practice able to produce the desired effects over the course of an entire teaching career?     

The interrupted learner: How distractions during live and video lectures influence learning outcomes

New instructional technologies have been increasingly incorporated into the medical school learning environment, including lecture video recordings as a substitute for live lecture attendance. The literature presents varying conclusions regarding how this alternative experience impacts students' academic success. Previously, a multi‐year study of the first‐year medical histology component at the University of Michigan found that live lecture attendance was positively correlated with learning success, while lecture video use was negatively correlated. Here, three cohorts of first‐year medical students (N = 439 respondents, 86.6% response rate) were surveyed in greater detail regarding lecture attendance and video usage, focusing on study behaviors that may influence histology learning outcomes. Students who reported always attending lectures or viewing lecture videos had higher average histology scores than students who employed an inconsistent strategy (i.e., mixing live attendance and video lectures). Several behaviors were negatively associated with histology performance. Students who engaged in “non‐lecture activities” (e.g., social media use), students who reported being interrupted while watching the lecture video, or feeling sleepy/losing focus had lower scores than their counterparts not engaging in these behaviors. This study suggests that interruptions and distractions during medical learning activities—whether live or recorded—can have an important impact on learning outcomes. Anat Sci Educ 11: 366–376. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.     

New Eras in Education

We are entering a new era in education: an era of communication, based on the information technologies (video, viewdata, cable and satellite); an era of new ways of learning, exploiting distance and open learning systems, interactive video and other new technologies; an era of new constituencies of learners‐‐those excluded from formal education and wishing to update their skills; an era of new markets and opportunities for designers and producers of learning materials, and a new era of visual literacy, in which teachers and producers have both challenges and responsibilities to face, in harvesting the fruits of the ‘video age’.     

遵义市中等职业教育师资队伍建设问题思考

新时期的职业教育发展对教师队伍素质提出了更高的要求。职业教育的特点决定了教师应兼具有广博的文化知识和较强的实践技能和教学能力。从遵义市中职教育存在的问题来看,解决好师资队伍的建设是发展职业教育的关键。     

“阳光体育”视角下我国体育教学的改革方向研究

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法分析＂阳光体育＂运动的实施意义以及在指导体育教学改革中的作用,提出体育教学改革的方向：强化体育技能的传授,以技能为载体,体育技能练习起到增强体质的目的;抓紧早操、课间操、课外体育运动,推动体育大课程体系建设;体育教学中强化＂终身体育＂观的培养;建立起更加完善的学生体质监测体系。     

基于精益生产思想的实践教学改革研究

在高职实践环节教学中,引入精益生产的思想和理念,贯穿到实践教学的全过程,针对实践教学中存在的问题,重构专业实践教学体系,研究在岗位基本操作技能、专项技能、专业综合能力训练基础上,增加精益生产思维下的相关强化训练,可以全面提高实践学习效率,以较低的成本取得较好的教学效果。     

双向视频远程教学系统及其应用

应用双向视频构建远程教学系统，具有较好教学效果的特点，但也存在建设投资大、运行成本高等不足．一定程度上阻碍了该技术的推广应用。宁波电大采用AVCON双向视频技术构建远程教学系统，建设投资省、无运行通信费用、教学效果好，且它可与学校G有教学设施相配，使其应用效果更加突出?本文从技术实现角度．简单介绍了宁波电大双向视频远程教学系统及其与G有教学设施配合的应用实践，具有明显的应用特色和参考意义。     

GPS载波相位差分定位方法在运动捕捉中应用的研究

运动捕捉是通过记录人体在三维空间中的运动轨迹,并将其转化为运动轨迹数据,提交计算机进行后继分析的一种技术,该技术在提高体育训练效果,推进体育事业科学化、数字化过程中起着重要作用.而定位技术又是运动捕捉系统实现的重要技术之一,具有定位密度大、测量精度要求高、灵敏度强等特点.文章结合现有成型的定位技术的特点和应用场合,提出了一种GPS载波相位差分定位设计方案,详细论证了该方案的工作原理和实现方法,估算了关键技术的参数,并对检测数据和误差进行了精度分析.实验结果证明,该方案可以广泛应用于室外竞技体育的高精度定位,有利于长期科学、规范、系统的开展、提高体育技能训练.     

The relationship between student engagement with online content and achievement in a blended learning anatomy course

Blended learning has become increasingly common in higher education. Recent findings suggest that blended learning achieves better student outcomes than traditional face‐to‐face teaching in gross anatomy courses. While face‐to‐face content is perceived as important to learning there is less evidence for the significance of online content in improving student outcomes. Students enrolled in a second‐year anatomy course from the physiotherapy (PT), exercise physiology (EP), and exercise science (ES) programs across two campuses were included (n = 500). A structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationship of prior student ability (represented by grade in prerequisite anatomy course) and final course grade and whether the relationship was mediated by program, campus or engagement with the online elements of the learning management system (LMS; proportion of documents and video segments viewed and number of interactions with discussion forums). PT students obtained higher grades and were more likely to engage with online course materials than EP and ES students. Prerequisite grade made a direct contribution to course final grade (P < 0.001) but was also mediated by engagement with LMS videos and discussion forums (P < 0.001). Student learning outcomes in a blended anatomy course can be predicted the by level of engagement with online content. Anat Sci Educ 11: 471–477. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.     

Learning to observe: using video to improve preservice mathematics teachers’ ability to notice

Video has assumed an increasingly prominent role in teacher education, particularly in the form of the viewing of videotaped class lessons by preservice teachers. Yet there is little research that confirms whether preservice teachers attend to the aspects of the video(s) that teacher educators anticipate or desire. This article explores this issue and reports on the impact of video viewing as a means to improve teachers’ ability to be observers of classroom practice. We utilized a pre- and post-test design to measure the quantity and type of classroom events that preservice mathematics teachers noticed before and after a teaching methods course where improving observation skills was an explicit goal. The results of the pre-assessment suggest that preservice teachers generally do not enter teaching methods courses with well-developed observation skills. The post-assessment indicates that the course led to significant increases in preservice teachers’ observation skills, particularly in teachers’ ability to notice features of the classroom environment, mathematical content of a lesson, and teacher and student communication during a lesson.

Effect of the use of instructional anatomy videos on student performance

Medical schools have reduced the time allotted to anatomy instruction. Consequently, schools engage students in more independent settings using information and communication technologies (ICT). There has been limited research in the use of video aids, a type of ICT, to enhance anatomy examination performance. The objective of this study is to describe the design, usage, and effect on examination performance of eight locally developed instructional anatomy videos. First‐year UCSF medical students (n = 141) had access to the videos. They reported their video usage, reason for usage, and satisfaction. The prior year students (n = 141) served as a historical control group. Anatomy and radiology examination performance was compared between groups while controlling for prior performance. The students with and without access to the videos did not differ in examination performance. Sixty‐one (43%) students in the experimental group responded to the survey. Of these, 79% reported using at least one video, viewing an average of 4.75 of the eight videos. They watched 3.27 (SD = 1.57, range 1–5) of the five anatomy videos and 1.48 (SD = 1.35; range 0–3) of the three radiology videos. In a regression analysis controlling for age and MCAT scores, using the anatomy videos at least once improved anatomy examination performance by 3.4% (P‐value = 0.007). There was no relationship between radiology video usage and radiology exam score. Video resource availability did not enhance student performance in anatomy and radiology. However, when analyzing performance for those whom we knew level of video use, there was a statistically different and higher anatomy achievement. Anat Sci Ed, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.     

Into the Video Age: Open University television in the 1990s

Significant changes in the nature of Open University (OU) television productions will occur in the 1990s as a result of the high level of access to video equipment among the University's students. A very large proportion of course programmes are already recorded off‐air by students for subsequent viewing, but additional educational benefits can be achieved if programmes are designed from the outset to give learners greater opportunities to control and interact with the material. Although there remains the need to ensure that all students can gain access to the television material (either by transmission or direct mail of video‐cassettes), courses will be able to design video format programmes to fulfil important educational functions that cannot be achieved by any other means in a distance teaching context.