Results show ICT access between 1 and 11%, with tertiary‐level access at 70%. Capacity building, curriculum development, infrastructure, policy, and government support are the most important development factors. Findings are analysed through eight barriers to education, and proposals are made to help USP improve access to ICT in the region. 相似文献
New information technologies are forcing major changes on both traditional campus‐based institutions and the large autonomous open universities. Some reasons for introducing new technologies are incompatible with traditional views of open‐ness and distance. For instance, the move to computer‐based learning raises major issues of access and student support for distance learners. Nevertheless mere are some strategies for addressing these issues.
The new technologies now allow for a powerful combination of highly interactive stand‐alone material with two‐way asynchronous communication between teachers and students. There is seen to be a relationship between the type of technology used and the type of learning outcomes intended, but still little hard evidence that these outcomes are actually achieved.
To achieve the most cost‐effective use of new technologies major changes are required to the organisation of both dual‐mode and dedicated open learning institutions. As well as the need for institutional re‐structuring, there is also a need for open and distance educators to re‐think and re‐define their roles. 相似文献
Initially, it reflects widespread concern about the academic/vocational balance in secondary education, the realism of careers preparation, the unemployed casualty figures, and the quality of school/home and education/industry exchanges. It notes the lack of communication between the agencies involved in their parallel fieldwork, and with the families facing individual dilemmas in education, work opportunity and adolescent disillusion.
In this context, broadcasting's prime role is access to the individual in the family setting where informed home debate and decision‐making are critical. Although specialised programme output has increased, how much relevant help is provided at regional and local level? How available is the essential follow‐up in referral centres, advisory services, print material, etc.? What about parents, teachers, employers, training supervisors and the like who might share their experience and initiative in local self‐help projects? Can general public awareness be stimulated to community action?
But if regional and local stations are to do more, there are many policy and logistic questions to be answered ‐ in partnership with official and voluntary agencies and within a network/regional plan. Although there may be a consensus that the broadcast media could play a valuable part, the question remains ‐ “From whom will the initiative come towards linkage and partnership?”. 相似文献
The responsive social context is increasingly seen by developmental psychologists (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Wood, 1982) as of fundamental importance for the acquisition of intellectual skills. It is within responsive social contexts that individuals acquire not only specific skills but also generic knowledge about how to learn. It is this generic knowledge that allows individuals a measure of control over, and hence independence in, these social contexts.
Educational policy statements, school prospectuses and, more recently, the Core Curriculum, abound with aims and objectives to do with achieving individual autonomy and independence as a learner. Yet there is growing evidence that in many contemporary classrooms at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, we may be providing precisely the wrong contexts for students to become autonomous and independent learners. Too many classroom learning environments simply do not qualify as responsive social contexts. Individual learners have minimal control over learning interactions and hence are excessively dependent on external control by teachers.
Theoretical explanations for differences between unskilled and skilled performance are being sought increasingly in terms of characteristics of the specific contexts in which performance occurs and less in terms of qualitative differences in global capacities or in thinking processes between individuals (Wood, 1982). For example, differences in complexity of oral language between three‐year‐old children might be explained by differences in the amount and quality of language exchange with caregivers. They might also be explained by differences in caregiver skills in interpreting and responding to needs signalled by an individual child's use of language in a particular context. If we are genuinely concerned about aims of autonomy and independence in learning, then we need to discover and analyse those characteristics of responsive environments which support and promote independent learning. On the basis of existing research it is possible to specify four such characteristics of responsive learning contexts.
Purpose: This is a report of teacher and student reflections on some of the tensions, reconciliations and feelings they experienced as they worked together to engage in inquiry learning. The study sought to find out how networked ICT use might offer new and different ways for students to engage with, explore and communicate science ideas within inquiry.
Sample: This project developed case studies with 6 science teachers of year 9 and 10 students, with an average age of 13 and 14 years in three New Zealand high schools. Teacher participants in the project had varying levels of understanding and experience with inquiry learning in science. Teacher knowledge and experience with ICT were equally diverse.
Design and Methods: Teachers and researchers developed initially in a joint workshop a shared understanding of inquiry, and how this could be enacted. During implementation, the researchers observed the inquiry projects in the classrooms and then, together with the teachers, reviewed and analysed the data that had been collected.
Results: At the beginning of the project, some of the teachers and students were tentative: inquiry based teaching supported by ICT meant initially that the teachers were hesitant in letting go some of the control they felt they had over students learning, and the students felt insecure in adopting some responsibility for their own learning. Over time a sense of trust and ease developed and this ‘control of learning’ balance moved from what was traditionally accepted, but not without modifications and reservations.
Conclusions: There is no clear pathway to follow in moving towards ICT-supported science inquiry in secondary schools. The experience of the teacher, the funds of knowledge the students bring to the classroom, the level of technological availability in the school and the ability of the students are all variables which determine the nature of the experience. 相似文献
All known users of the package in the United Kingdom were followed up in order to establish what sort of people used it, in what contexts, how its use was organised and how effective it was for learners. This article explores how the specific educational contexts in which media are used play a vital role in making learning effective. Relevant theory is examined to provide a model of how teachers and learners use media. The results of the research are closely related to recent developments in education and training and, finally, practical recommendations are made for improving the efficiency and effectiveness with which modern educational media are used. 相似文献
Purpose: The focus of this paper is to investigate secondary school learners’ knowledge of the optical phenomena of reflection and refraction in relation to certain contexts.
Sample: The sample for the study consisted of two Grade-11 intact groups of 70 learners in total at a selected senior secondary school in the Mthatha District of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa.
Design and methods: The study focused on exploring the learners’ conceptions about the optical phenomena of reflection and refraction. The data were collected from three two-tier questions, which exposed the learners to certain contexts which could be explained using optics principles. The first tier of each question was a context-based multiple-choice question and in the second tier, the participants were asked to justify their answers to the first tier.
Results: Majority of the participants failed to correctly interpret the given contexts using optics principles. Moreover, only a few learners could justify their scientifically acceptable answers with scientifically acceptable explanations.
Conclusions: The participants experienced serious conceptual difficulties when they were required to apply the optics concepts in the real-world contexts presented to them. Moreover, the participants’ conceptual difficulties about reflection and refraction were also found to be associated with their inability to understand correctly the optical processes involved in vision. 相似文献
This article explains the rationale, context, activities and the conclusions of the intial project. 相似文献
Despite popular opinion, the viability of delivering education to Schools of the Air (SOTA) and Distance Education Centre (DEC) students by satellite is questionable, because of the small number and particular circumstances of the students involved. Similarly, District High Schools (DHS) contain large numbers of students who suffer similar geographic educational disadvantages; these students could benefit from satellite‐delivered education. Additionally, improved professional development for rural based‐teachers would be possible. 相似文献
The system is aware of the need to promote a real change in the pedagogical‐educational approach to teaching and learning, and recent reforms have implemented structural innovations and have required changes in the teachers’ roles and functions.
The new professional profile of the teacher points out the need for initial and in‐service education and training; given the insufficient provisions available, in 1979 the Ministry of Education, in cooperation with OECD, has initiated a project for introducing PRESET pilot projects in a number of Italian universities.
The MPI/OECD Project has gone through a four‐phase preparation process, including a background report, a national seminar, feasibility studies, planning of pilot projects.
The basic ideas were to improve the scientific/cultural and methodological preparation of teachers: curricula of study must ensure an appropriate balance between scientific knowledge in a subject‐matter or in a discipline area and educational studies. Teaching practice is considered as essential all through the course of study.
Starting November 1983 the University of Bologna will start a PRESET course of study for primary school teachers as a joint activity between the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Sciences.
Other projects are on study at other universities. 相似文献
Secondly, in investigating curriculum issues, the centrality of a subject‐based timetable is seen as inadequate; instead, a curriculum constructed in terms of ‘fields of knowledge’ is suggested, an idea exemplified by broadening the language base of English teaching and refocussing on the study of systems of signification.
Thirdly, in describing a tradition of intellectual and educational debates that underwrites such a shift, BFI Education ‐ an agency whose function in part is to promote education in film and TV studies ‐ is positioned in that tradition, and its policies and practices accounted for.
An annotated bibliography of key texts charts the context of the article, for readers for whom that context is unfamiliar, and as a potential reading list for educational courses. 相似文献
Results were analysed and comparisons made between lessons that followed National Literacy Strategy or Numeracy guidelines and those that did not; between schools from different geographical contexts, e.g. rural or inner‐city; between classes where there was one, or more than one, adult present; between schools with different percentages of free school meals; and between a.m. and p.m. lessons.
A range of findings included higher rates of students being on‐task than found by previous studies, and correlations between high on‐task rates and teachers who used high levels of verbal behaviour including positive academic feedback. Teachers used three times more verbal approval for desired social behaviour in the classroom than has been reported in previous studies. It was found that teachers verbally interacted more with students during National Literacy and Numeracy Strategy lessons but that this did not lead to statistically significantly higher on‐task rate. Similarly, teachers in inner‐city schools interacted more with students, but on‐task rates in inner‐city schools were not significantly higher. Reasons for this effect are discussed. 相似文献
Methods: we undertook a pragmatic randomised controlled trial among pupils aged 11–12 within a single state comprehensive school in the North of England. The pupils were randomised to receive 10 hours of literacy learning delivered via laptop computers or to act as controls. Both groups received normal literacy learning. A pre‐test and two post‐tests were given in spelling and literacy. The main pre‐defined outcome was improvements in spelling scores.
Results: 155 pupils were randomly allocated, 77 to the ICT group and 78 to control. Four pupils left the school before post‐testing and 25 pupils did not have both pre‐ and post‐test data. Therefore, 63 and 67 pupils were included in the main analysis for the ICT and control groups respectively. After adjusting for pre‐test scores there was a slight increase in spelling scores, associated with the ICT intervention, but this was not statistically significant (0.954, 95% confidence interval (CI) – 1.83 to 3.74, p = 0.50). For reading scores there was a statistically significant decrease associated with the ICT intervention (?2.33, 95% CI ?0.96 to ?3.71, p = 0.001).
Conclusions: we found no evidence of a statistically significant benefit on spelling outcomes using a computer program for literacy learning. For reading there seemed to be a reduction in reading scores associated with the use of the program. All new literacy software needs to be tested in a rigorous trial before it is used routinely in schools. 相似文献
The paper argues that success as an open or distance education teacher or student is dependent on expertise in the linguistic demands of the educational context. Though some of these demands are common with traditional forms of education, open and distance contexts add another level of complexity. In particular, the paper advocates a consideration of discourses as fundamental. 相似文献
Ideological concepts divide the institutions of both kinds into those that train teachers for religious and non‐religious nursery schools and elementary schools.
The teacher training institutions in Israel (together with the whole educational system) have been immersed, during recent years, in a process of reform which reflects the changes that Israeli society has undergone since the establishment of the State. 相似文献
The overall approach to health education is identified as highly individualistic in its emphasis on individual responsibilities, attributes and skills necessary for achieving health. Contradictions, distortions and gaps inherent in this model are revealed. These contribute to identifying this kind of health education as an ideology, which serves least the needs and interests of those children who are likely to experience the greatest ill‐health.
The ways in which this approach is inappropriate for schoolchildren are illustrated by a case study, which compares the drinking experiences of a group of children with the alcohol education materials designed for them.
To conclude, improvements to both health education for slow learners and more generally to health education in schools are discussed. These include the development of an approach which is both child‐centred, and critical in locating individual choices about health within the social, economic and political contexts of local communities and wider society.
There is a sound legislative base: a series of laws passed since 1973 create both a new model of school and the procedures and organisations designed to facilitate its emergence, including councils at the class and school level. The right and duty of teachers to engage on in‐service education is firmly recognised as an essential component in school development.
The European Centre for Education and the Pedagogical Documentation Library are mentioned, but the author dwells at greater length on the Regional Institutes for Educational Research, Experimentation and In‐Service Training (IRRSAE). He provides a detailed explanation of the duties of the IRRSAE and of their organisation and functioning.
The IRRSAE are widely regarded as key institutions in educational development in Italy. 相似文献
The training of teachers simply must develop. Yet, this development is at times thwarted by the latent conservative attitude of education. The introduction of educational technology, the technical and psychological integration of new teaching practices and more precisely of the latest products of audiovisual research, together with the computerized communications systems could provide the opportunity for that necessary break between the past and the present.
The resulting modification of relationships between those who teach and those who are taught, the new definition of tasks, and more particularly the part given to learners in the training of future teachers will make possible an opening towards the outside world and the coming into existence of a school of responsibility through responsibility. The first experiments show that we still have a long way to go before that aim is achieved. 相似文献