A critical point in investigative work: Defining variables

This article reports research concerning the definition of variables by pupils aged 12 to 14 during investigative work. The findings suggest that an increase in the complexity of an investigation lowers the ability to identify relevant variables as pupils start to lose track of the whole task. Substantive concepts intrude most obviously on the ability to define the appropriate dependent variable and to control variables. Pupils appear to have difficulty in realizing the advantages of defining the independent variable as continuous for the investigation as a whole. Possible explanations are considered and some practical ways of addressing this point of difficulty are put forward. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

反社会人格障碍研究进展

本文从诊断标准、流行病学调查、影响因素三个方面综述了反社会人格障碍研究的进展情况,并在此基础上探讨了今后进一步研究的方向。     

Policy change in higher education: the New Zealand experience

For over one hundred years, the structure of the New Zealand education system has been basically stable. After re-election in 1987, however, the Labour government initiated a major reform of the system, from early childhood to tertiary. Although the pace of change has been great, most of the changes are only recently in place or, in the case of the tertiary sector, not yet fully operative. It is, then, too early to assess the consequences of the changes except rather intuitively. Nevertheless, this is an opportune moment to begin to document and analyze the changes in the tertiary sector.     

Gender differential in self-assessment: a fact neglected in higher education peer and self-assessment techniques

This paper analyses student cross-assessment with a gender perspective in three different courses along several academic years in an engineering school in Spain. The aim of this study is to contribute to a wider understanding of the hidden effect of gender in higher education by testing if gender has any effect on the way students assess others and themselves. Previous research has demonstrated sex differences in self-image and self-confidence, which are both closely related to self-esteem and same- and other-sex esteem. It follows that gender effects might be expected in investigations on peer and self-assessment (PSA), as both techniques are closely linked to self-image and self-confidence. But a critical review of the literature on PSA with a gender perspective reveals that findings on this field are inconclusive, thus more research is needed. The analysis of the results of our study reveals that women judge themselves too harshly. As the literature on PSA does not show great concern for gender issues, some tentative suggestions are proposed to support PSA with gender-awareness sessions.     

New politics of higher education: Hidden and complex

Public universities in the United States are in a changed political environment, resulting from past enrollment growth and increased budget needs, centralization, the routinization of state-university relations, government budget uncertainty, and the emergence of strong competing claims on state or federal monies. The author argues that centralized government intervention is carried through technocratic approaches that mask the political forces at work. The article discusses characteristics of government intervention such as: buffer groups, formulas and data monopoly. It suggests these technocratic approaches hide the political weakness of the public universities. These, in turn, have been weakened. In conclusion, three new trends are suggested: (1) public universities will seek to do with less government support - that is, the privatization of some American public university services; (2) they will seek to increase government's or society's dependency on what it is the public universities do - that is, making universities more immediately useful to government and society; and (3) they will increasingly organize political coalitions both inside and outside the universities. This last strategy implies greater collaboration between faculty, students and university administrators and between higher education, the public schools and other potential allies.     

建设中国特色世界一流大学的根本遵循

基于博弈论构建制度生成与演变的解释框架,分析从重点大学到“双一流”建设的历程,探讨“双一流”战略如何打破身份桎梏、重构开放竞争背后的动力机制及创新路径,厘清战略演变的制度逻辑,发现：中央政府战略目标转变等外生环境变化提供了增量资源与资源再分配的机会,为“双一流”建设提供了动力源;引入地方政府、地方大学作为主要博弈参与者克服了计划资源分配弊端,形成多方参与博弈的开放竞争新格局。在新博弈规则的驱动下,中央政府、地方政府、高等院校逐渐改变其主观博弈模式,集中增量资源大力发展优势学科,为进入“双一流”行列提供内生动力。“双一流”战略取得了较好成效,营造了开放、竞争、动态的制度环境,初步构建了中国特色一流大学和一流学科建设模式。未来将面临处理好外部治理与内部博弈之间的关系、一流大学聚集性与高等教育系统均衡性之间的关系的挑战。

     

军地高教结合:优化国民高教资源配置新举措

本文通过探讨军事高等教育和普通高等教育体系充分结合的必要性和可能性，提出了实现两者充分结合的基本构想，优化国民高等教育资源配置，共同培养21世纪合格人才。     

高校管理中辅导员职能探析

新时期高校学生思想政治工作面临新的机遇和挑战.要进一步开创学生工作新局面,就要不断深化教育体制改革,努力改进学生思想政治教育和管理工作的方式方法,充分发挥辅导员在高校教育管理中的重要作用,尤其要注重提高辅导员工作中的创新意识和创新能力.     

美国高等学校社会服务职能的考察

讨论二战前和二战后美国各个不同历史时期高等学校社会服务职能的特征,美国高等学校所承担的社会服务职能,在某种程度上促进了美国经济的发展。     

论高等教育评估的功能

在高等教育评估功能的研究中出现的问题主要是 :超出高等教育评估的范畴谈论其功能 ;运用逻辑思维推导高等教育评估的功能 ;单纯强调高等教育评估的积极作用而忽略其消极影响。产生这些问题的原因在于 ,人们没有能够认识到高等教育评估的认知性本质特征。从高等教育评估的认知性特征出发进行研究 ,高等教育评估具有鉴定作用、反省作用、参谋作用、批判作用和中介作用等五大功能 ,与此同时 ,它还具有马太效应、认同效应和逆反效应等三大消极影响     

Sailing into the Wind: New disciplines in Australian higher education

Much is made of the potential of lifelong learning for individuals and organisations. In this article we tend to make much less of it, certainly with respect to its use in universities to discipline academics. Nevertheless, we argue that academics now need to re-learn the positions they occupy and the stances they take in response to the marketisation of Australian universities. In particular, we suggest that the position of (pure) critique no longer commands attention in Australian contexts of higher education, although the paper does not suggest a disregard for a critical stance purely for the sake of participation. It is in understanding the interconnections between position and stance , and how they might be strategically performed during the everyday practices of academics, that a more promising way of engaging with the venalities of the market is envisaged; a strategy that could be described as 'sailing into the wind'. In discussing these matters, the paper draws on semi-structured interviews with academics located in university faculties/departments/schools of education along Australia's eastern seaboard.     

论高等教育大众化进程中高等职业教育的地位和作用

在实现高等教育大众过程中，发展高等职业教育有利于优化高等教育结构，促进高等教育向多样化发展；有利于满足社会发展对人才规格提出的客观要求，促进经济发展，为实现高等教育大众化提供物质基础；有利于我国终身教育体系的建立，为实现高等教育大众化开辟有效途径。     

高职高数一元函数极限求法探讨

在微积分学习中,极限是理论基础。对函数性质的研究,实际上就是对各种类型的极限进行研究,如导数、级数、定积分等。因此,我们可以看出极限的重要性。本文根据教学实践,对高职高数的一元函数极限求法进行了探讨,希望能够让今后的一元函数极限求法更加轻松,充满技巧性。     

我国成人高等教育的新发展

新世纪我国成人高等教育为适应国家现代化建设的需要,在规模和速度上已进入全面发展的新阶段。新的发展表现在成人高等教育与普通高等教育界限淡化;向职业教育领域延伸;中外合作、联合办学;逐渐融入终身教育体系等方面。