哈贝马斯对反思性认识论的重建

哈贝马斯心目中的认识论是以反思认识为前提的理论，但是，从启蒙运动开始，科学的发展成为社会的主流，实证性知识学受到人们广泛的推崇，自然科学被作为衡量一切科学的标准，自然科学的方法被推广到包括精神科学、社会科学在内的一切研究领域。人们采用科学方法论从事理论研究，借助于科学进步的理论，走上了把认识论归结为知识学的道路，使认识论向知识学蜕变。针对这种情况，哈贝马斯予以分析批判，抵制实证性知识学，使自我反思重现于认识论之中，复归于反思认识的正确道路；将认识论从危机中拯救出来，保障认识在合理的条件下进行。     

从认识论到知识学——哈贝马斯对实证主义认识论及其科学观的批判

哈贝马斯认为,自近代以来认识论的发展是实证主义的知识学取代认识论。认识论从事于认识的批判,解答认识可能性问题,而实证主义知识学则局限于经验科学的方法论,将知识与科学等同起来,取消了认识的主体在认识中的地位和作用,从而陷入了唯科学主义和虚假的客观主义。哈贝马斯从认识对自身的反思入手,揭示了认识与兴趣的关系,批判了实证主义的认识论及其科学观,为奠定社会批判理论的认识论基础扫清了道路。     

诠释——批判教学认识方式考察

随着对教学论研究哲学与科学认识方式的批判与反思，诠释——批判教学认识方式以其非常独特的视角和方法体系影响了教学论的研究思维。诠释——批判教学认识方式强调以分析、相对、多元、体验、感悟等多种方式去理解、审查、反思教学论，它不追求绝对整齐划一，而是试图以对话、交往的方式走进教学，参与教学等形式进行教学论研究。     

论教育学的性质

教育学的性质是指教学这种知识所具有的内在特征，它主要是由教育学的研究对象和研究方法决定的。尤其是研究方法对教育学性质的影响：体悟、总结赋予教育学经验性质；反思、批判赋予教育学哲学性质；实证、实验赋予教学学科学性质；价值沉思赋予教育学化性质。教育学性质的多重性，使得教育学获得了多元化发展。即使有了单数的教育学体系，教育学的性质也不会改变。     

论马克思主义哲学是智慧科学：－－谈马克思主义哲学的功能

马克思主义哲学是科学的世界和方法论，它严密的科学理论体系－－辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是人类认识世界和改造世界的强大思想武器，它不仅是人们反思的智慧和批判的智慧，而且是预见的智慧，变革和实践的智慧。     

哈贝马斯的反思批判的认识论及其启示

哈贝马斯的认识论是以反思批判为特点,以解放的认识兴趣为标志的。哈贝马斯通过回顾哲学史上从康德到马克思的哲学反思阶段,批判了实证主义拒绝自我反思要求、只对经验事实进行描述的客观主义缺陷,建构了以兴趣为基础、兴趣和认识相互交叉的认识论。他特别强调解放的兴趣在认识论重建中的意义,认为解放的兴趣达到了自觉的社会反思批判的层次和高度,是合理理解技术兴趣和实践兴趣的前提。我们应该批判地借鉴哈贝马斯的反思批判的认识论,改变对马克思主义认识论的单纯描述性的理解,凸显其反思批判的社会性维度。     

反思性学习实践者的内涵、特征及培养

反思性学习实践者在具体的学习情境中能对自身的学习活动进行理性思考,致力于问题的解决和知识的实践运用,具有探究性、情境性、发展性、主体性特征。在反思性学习实践者的培养中,教师要重视学生反思性学习兴趣和情感的培养,明确反思性学习实践的反思对象,注重反思性批判精神的形成,结合自主反思与合作反思,创设反思性学习情境,引导学生进行整体系统性反思。     

当代会计研究方法反思

回顾中西方会计研究方法的哲学基础和历史演进,从哲学基础、科学属性、经济环境三方面对实证会计研究方法进行理性批判,反思中国当代的会计研究方法发展方向,建议坚持规范和实证会计研究方法并重,结合人文诠释,重视学术规范建设。     

反思学习研究及其面临的时代课题

反思学习的研究重点在于其概念、类型、模式和实施策略。反思学习实现对反思性学习神秘性的"祛魅",注重经验及其转变的过程性和技术性,趋向社会性和实践性。其集中表现在:反思形式从沉思走向实践反思;从个体反思学习走向社会化反思学习;从过去的"反思性"走向外显的、实证的"反思";从对抗、竞争式批判走向理解、诠释;从以往的经验反思...     

科技史的科普教育价值

学生科学素养的提高,不仅要进行科学知识、技术知识的教育,更是在全面理解科学知识、科学思想、科学方法、科学精神、科学的发展过程和应用过程及其结果的基础上,吸收、反思、批判、理解中外各种思潮对科技的诠释,以尽力形成对科技知识更加全面、客观、深刻的理解.科技史的学科特性,决定了它在科普教育中所具有的重要地位.科技史的科普教育价值主要在于其深厚到位的化育功能、广泛深刻的文化传承、新颖独到的方法引领以及雅俗共赏的兴趣激发.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.