连通图和不连通图的维纳指数W（G）

一个连通图的维纳指数W(G)等于图中所有无序点对的距离之和。本文研究了连通图和不连通图的维纳指数W(G),得到了上界图;以及研究了W(G) W(G)的上界和下界。     

The Effects of Retelling Upon Reading Comprehension and Recall of Text Information

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of retelling (free recall) upon the comprehension and recall of text information for 93 fourth-grade students. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of two generative learning strategy treatment conditions: retelling or illustrating. Subjects participated in four training sessions and one test session. For each of the four training sessions subjects silently read a passage and then, according to treatment condition, either retold the important parts of the passage or illustrated the important parts of the passage. For the test passage all subjects silently read the passage, and then rendered a free recall. Two days later all subjects rendered a delayed free recall and answered 10 literal and 10 inferential questions about the test passage. Statistically significant differences were found on all measures of reading comprehension and recall (immediate free recall, two-day delayed free recall, and responses to literal and inferential questions) in favor of the subjects who received practice in retelling. The results suggest that retelling is a highly potent generative learning strategy and that retelling has direct, beneficial consequences for children's processing of subsequent text.     

学习不良儿童言语交际策略的理解与运用

言语交际策略是个体根据特定社会习俗,通过语言表达和理解意图,从而实现交际目标并获得良好社交效果的一种能力。它是言语、社交习俗和元认知三种知识成分的有机结合。以往研究表明,与一般儿童相比,学习不良儿童在言语交际策略的理解与运用上均存在一定程度的缺陷。言语交际策略研究,将为进一步探索学习不良儿童社会技能缺失的原因,以及社会认知发展的内部规律提供新的视角,因而具有理论价值与实践意义。     

The Effects of Strategic Notetaking on the Recall and Comprehension of Lecture Information for High School Students with Learning Disabilities

This investigation examined the effects of strategic notetaking on the recall and comprehension of high school students with learning disabilities (LD) or educable mental retardation (EMR). Twenty-six students with high incidence disabilities (LD or EMR) were randomly assigned by grade and disability to either an experimental or control group. Using strategic notetaking, students in the experimental group were taught to independently take notes while viewing a videotaped lecture. Students who were taught strategic notetaking scored significantly higher on measures of immediate free recall, long-term free recall, comprehension, and number of notes recorded than students in the control group who used conventional notetaking. The limitations of the research and implications of this technique for classroom application are discussed.     

The Effect of Animated Node-Link Displays on Information Recall

The attentional effects of animation on the processing of information from node-link maps and text were explored. The authors randomly assigned college students to receive a static node-link map presentation (n =40), an animated node-link map presentation (n =37), a static text presentation (n =29), or an animated text presentation (n =27). The participants were asked to recall the information 48 hr later. The participants recalled more main-idea information from animated node-link maps than from static maps or animated text. There were no differences with regard to presentation or display format on the recall of microstructural information.     

Manipulating Processing Difficulty of Reading Comprehension Questions: The Feasibility of Verbal Item Generation

Based on a previously validated cognitive processing model of reading comprehension, this study experimentally examines potential generative components of text-based multiple-choice reading comprehension test questions. Previous research ( Embretson & Wetzel, 1987 ; Gorin & Embretson, 2005 ; Sheehan & Ginther, 2001 ) shows text encoding and decision processes account for significant proportions of variance in item difficulties. In the current study, Linear Logistic Latent Trait Model (LLTM; Fischer, 1973 ) parameter estimates of experimentally manipulated items are examined to further verify the impact of encoding and decision processes on item difficulty. Results show that manipulation of some passage features, such as increased use of negative wording, significantly increases item difficulty in some cases, whereas others, such as altering the order of information presentation in a passage, did not significantly affect item difficulty, but did affect reaction time. These results suggest that reliable changes in difficulty and response time through algorithmic manipulation of certain task features is feasible. However, non-significant results for several manipulations highlight potential challenges to item generation in establishing direct links between theoretically relevant item features and individual item processing. Further examination of these relationships will be informative to item writers as well as test developers interested in the feasibility of item generation as an assessment tool.     

篇章结构在阅读理解中的作用

缺乏对篇章结构的认识是目前大学英语阅读教学的一个主要问题。由于传统教学偏重对词和句法的讲解,阅读教学缺乏对篇章的宏观处理,因而制约了学生阅读理解水平的提高。篇章结构作为文本重要的内在特征对提高阅读理解的正确性和效率有着积极作用,采用正确的阅读教学策略,传授篇章结构知识,从长远来看可以大幅提高阅读教学的效率。     

多媒体辅助阅读理解困难学生阅读效果研究

阅读理解困难学生的认知特点不同于普通学生,多媒体教学资源只有经过学生的认知加工才能发挥作用.本研究采用实验研究的方法对适合于阅读理解困难学生的多媒体呈现方式进行了探讨.结果显示,阅读理解困难学生的多媒体学习特点不同于普通学生,图像在其阅读理解形成过程中的促进作用稳定,文字结合综合图像呈现方式更适合他们.发声语词的作用不稳定,在多数阅读理解阶段中自控型发声语词方式与纯文字方式差异不显著,同步型发声语词不适合阅读理解困难学生.     

关于"时间内状态"的领悟 --《存在与时间》学习札记之三

本文通过对流俗时间源头的时间内状态的领悟,着重论及1.人只能在世界中存在、在此存在,这就是人生存在世的本质,海德格尔因此把人称作"此在";2.通达此在的本真存在,离不开对本真的时间的把握;3.以人们对"死亡"的闭目塞听为切入点,深入分析"经历时间"与"生活在时间的长河中"的区别;4.从整体上把握本真时间的"三位一体"的结构.     

The Effect of Verbal and Visuo-Spatial Abilities on the Development of Knowledge of the Earth

Difficulties in students’ understanding of the spherical model of the Earth have been shown in previous studies. One of the reasons for these difficulties lies in beliefs and preliminary knowledge that hinder the interpretation of the scientific knowledge, the other reason may lie in the low level of verbal and visuo-spatial abilities. The study aims to investigate the effect of verbal and visuo-spatial abilities, but also that of preliminary knowledge on the later development of the knowledge of the Earth in school. 176 schoolchildren (96 boys and 80 girls) from five schools were tested; the mean age of the children during the first interview was seven years and eight months. All students were interviewed twice – in grades 1 and 2, before and after they had learnt the topic in school. Factual, scientific and synthetic knowledge was assessed. The facilitative effect of visuo-spatial and verbal abilities and preliminary factual and scientific knowledge on students’ knowledge of astronomy after having learnt the topic in school was shown. In contrast, the hindering effect of synthetic knowledge was not found.     

Use of Student Notes and Lecture Summaries as Study Guides for Recall

Abstract

This study represents an extension of previous research on interfering and facilitating variables affecting the encoding function of note taking by adding several review conditions. Ninety-six subjects were assigned to five note-taking and three non-note-taking groups. Subjects heard a 16-minute segmented lecture and recalled lecture content 48 hours later. The review of notes neutralized both the interfering and facilitating effects on recall of note-taking manipulations reported in previous research. Review of student-generated notes resulted in better recall than did review of lecturer-generated summaries.     

Reflections on 'Promoting Thinking Skills of Students With Learning Disabilities: Effects on Recall and Comprehension of Expository Prose'

For over a decade, we have been interested in the acquisition and maintenance of verbal associations by students with mild disabilities, including learning disabil- ities (LD), mild mental retardation, and behavioral disorders or emotional disturbance. We have felt that failure to make important cognitive "connections" between already known and to-be-learned information was a primary character- istic of students referred to special education. In this reflection piece, we describe how we think both mnemonic strategies and elaborative interrogation address this problem.     

The Effect of Adverbial Subordinate Clause Position on Reading Comprehension

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship that exists between syntax and reading comprehension. To measure this relationship, data were collected from ninth grade students by administering three tests to them: a cloze test, a chunk test, and a standardized reading test. Analysis of the results indicated that adverbial clause position does not appear to affect the reading comprehension of ninth grade students.     

言语信息激活对中文数字空间表征的影响

为了考察言语信息激活对中文数字空间表征的影响,采用含有中文数字的汉语词(如"二胡")作为实验刺激,让被试对其中的中文数字分别做奇偶判断和大小判断.实验结果发现:(1)在奇偶判断任务下,激活中文数字的言语信息,没有产生空间-数字反应编码联合效应(SNARC效应):(2)在大小判断任务下,激活中文数字的言语信息,产生了显著的SNARC效应.实验结果表明,在奇偶判断任务下,如果激活中文数字的言语信息,中文数字不会进行空间表征,而在大小判断任务下,如果激活中文数字的言语信息,则不会对中文数字的空间表征产生影响.     

The Effect of Pupil Cognitive Style and Position of Prose Passage Title on Recall

A replication of Bransford and Johnson's (1972) experiment on contextual prerequisites was carried out with the additional inclusion of cognitive styles as independent variables. A total of 77 10‐ and 11‐year‐old subjects (year 6, primary school) were asked to read a short prose passage on the topic of washing clothes. Half of the subjects were told the title of the passage before reading it and half after. All subjects attempted to free recall the passage. They had also completed the Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) (Riding, 1991), thus providing their position on the two fundamental cognitive style dimensions: Wholist‐Analytic and Verbal‐Imagery. It was found that the Wholist‐Analytic cognitive style and title‐passage order interacted in their effect on recall (p < 0.05). Whilst Wholists performed best when the title was presented before reading the passage, the order made no difference for other individuals. This suggested that this cognitive style reflects the way individuals organise information.     

关于HSK考生听力理解应试策略的实证研究

在听力理解测验中,虽然选项预览（question preview）策略是考生最常用的应试策略之一,但是国内的研究成果并不多见。文章在对听力理解策略进行探讨的基础上,通过卡方检验法和方差分析技术分别对HSK考生在听力理解测验中,选项预览策略的使用频率分布情况以及对听力理解测验成绩的影响程度进行了实证检验。研究结果显示：选项预览策略的使用频率分布与考生的语言水平之间并没有显著性差异;选项预览策略对考生的听力理解测验分数也不具有显著性影响。     

The Effect of a Competitive and Cooperative Environment on the Comprehension of a Cognitive Task

Abstract

Six hundred fifty-two Ss were divided alphabetically into cooperative and competitive sets of eights. Each S was given a play booklet with 12 targets from which to develop rules for placing the target correctly. After 20 minutes, play booklets were collected and a 30-item matrix test was administered in which each S was to identify if the targets were correctly placed. Comparisons of the results observed between groups were made by ANOVA. It was found that a cooperative learning environment is not more conducive to the learning of a mental task than is a competitive learning environment.     

Exploring the Effect of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues on Perceptions of Deception

How impressions of credibility are formed in trial type settings is examined using 173 participants. It is hypothesized that the severity of the penalty faced by an accused individual will increase participant involvement with the accused's testimony. Involvement is predicted to interact with verbal and nonverbal cues associated with deception to influence jurors’ honesty judgments. Although penalty severity did not influence participant involvement, results indicate that involvement moderates the effect of verbal cues, but not nonverbal cues, on perceptions of deception.