包罗万象的敦煌石窟壁画艺术

敦煌石窟壁画艺术包罗万象，是一部形象的历史。文章从较为宏观的视角，就敦煌壁画艺术中的尊像画、经变画、故事画、供养人画像、出行图、装饰图案、音乐舞蹈、飞天、生产生活画、交通资料、建筑画、服饰画、动物画等几个方面进行了介绍，使我们对敦煌壁画艺术宝库的了解有一个较为清晰的线索。     

How Can Music Majors Increase Their Success in the Market for Over-the-Air Downloads?—The Case of Germany

Music majors, who have been suffering from dwindling revenues in their core business, are placing extraordinary hopes on the new market of over-the-air (OTA) downloads. However, until now there has been no broad academic discussion about this market. In particular, two central questions have not yet been addressed: (a) Which factors influence the success of music majors in the OTA-download market?, and (b) How can music majors increase their success in this market? To answer these questions, this study used a holistic research approach, which combines an economical and a sociological perspective. This study first identified the drivers for the success in the OTA-download market and analyzed these factors in 1 large-scale survey (n = 1,780) in Germany and a series of expert interviews. Subsequently, a mathematical Excel-based tool was constructed and data optimization techniques from operations research were applied to derive the optimal mix of strategic measures that maximizes the success of music majors in the German OTA-download market. Finally, recommendations for implementing these strategic measures are presented. This explorative study provides a systematic understanding of the general factors driving success in any OTA-download market. Therefore, there is hope that it will be relevant for both German and international scholars and managers.     

总体战体制下的日本舆论动员机制分析——起源、构建与社会基础

本文以日本在十五年战争期间的"总体战"体制为背景,探讨"舆论动员"活动的相关问题。通过对日本战时社会历史的考察发现,日本军部以德国的总体战体制为蓝本,将媒体宣传和意识形态引导作为舆论动员机制的核心指导方针,以相关传媒法令为法律依据,通过对各类媒体机构的整合,将媒体资源纳入战争的轨道。封建资本主义制度下的专制语境形成了舆论动员机制的政治基础,军国主义的国民精神结构是舆论动员的思想动力,在媒体将政治意图转化为媒介议题的过程中,媒体精英和意见领袖也发挥了引导作用。多种机理共同运作之下,舆论动员机制实现了对战时国民精神的强效果控制。     

Success in the Dutch Music Festival Market: The Role of Format and Content

Nowadays, music festivals are very important for generating revenue streams in the music industry. However, studies on what makes music festivals a success are scant. In this article, a conceptual model to explain the success of music festivals is introduced and tested. Such a model seems pressing now that competition in the music festival industry is increasing. Our conceptual model includes variables that are under the control of music festival organizers, namely format and content characteristics. The content features include scope of the audience, lineup, age, and having a theme or message. Budget, ticket price, location, and having a maximum visitor capacity make up the format features. The model is tested with data from 47 music festivals in the Netherlands. The results show that relatively newer festivals can achieve good growth in terms of visitor attendance, especially if they have a narrow scope (niche). Interestingly, this is true for both large and small festivals. Our findings are important with respect to music festival diversity and choice for audiences, which may be at risk due to increasing competition. The fact that several festivals have a capacity constraint seems to be beneficial for diversity as well. Interestingly, budgets (and star lineup and ticket price), theme, and location are largely nonsignificant predictors of success.     

The Art of Crafting Music Score Approval Plans: An Ongoing Process

Although approval plans have long been an accepted tool for monographic collection development, they have seen comparatively slow adoption for music scores. This slow adoption is mirrored by a relative dearth of literature about music score approval plans. At a time when changes in the financial and publishing landscape are having a profound impact on collection development practices and current trends in organizational restructuring are placing greater demands on librarians' time, the need for contemporary discussion of approval plans is that much greater. This article discusses the ups and downs of one library's foray into music score approval plans.     

Music Selection Behaviors in Everyday Listening

Data on everyday music listening obtained via the Experience Sampling Method indicated that selection method was related to liking for and emotional response to the music, attention paid to the music, and perceived consequences of hearing the music. Individual listener's characteristics (e.g., age and level of engagement with music) were associated with selection behaviors. Negative effects resulted when individuals perceived they did not have control over music selection. In contrast, possessing control led to positive consequences such as enjoyment and motivation. These results indicate that control is an important aspect of one's everyday music experiences.     

Does Background Music Really Help Radio Commercials? The Effect of Involvement on Ad Recall

This study tested the effects of background music on the recall of radio commercials. Free and aided recall were significantly higher for subjects who heard the commercials containing no background music in the talk program compared to that of subjects hearing the commercials containing no background music in the music program. Furthermore, involvement level appears to be a factor in influencing recall. The involvement level with the music program was low compared to the involvement level with the talk program and this seems to have a mitigating effect on the recall of the commercials.     

From Hildegard to Holiday

Abstract

Women musicians were virtually ignored in the literature of Western music until their recent inclusion in standard reference sources and other publications. However, making these works available to the researcher becomes a challenge for library collection development departments, especially for small libraries unaffiliated with music schools that have only a modest music collection and budget. This paper offers guidance in developing a small collection of books on women in music that will complement the current collection and provide a more accuratehistory of Western music. Justification for building a collection on women musicians and an annotated list of recommended books are included.     

Straddling the humanities and social sciences: The research process of music scholars

Few research projects have focused on the information needs of the music scholar. What is known about the information needs of the music scholar has been gathered through large-scale studies of various humanistic disciplines. This article describes a six-stage model of the music scholar’s research process. The model was constructed contextually through interviews with 30 music scholars who were asked to describe a recently completed research project. Research activities pertaining to specific stages in the research process are identified and described. This study compares existing models of the research process of other humanities scholars and explores the implications for library and information science professionals.     

Nailing JELL-O® to a Tree: Improving Access to 20th-century Music

ABSTRACT

Although literary warrant and use of current terminology are principles which have guided the creation of Library of Congress Subject Headings for quite some time, for many years adequate headings were not established to provide access to several concepts in 20th century music. Some of the problem areas include electronic music, music theater, text-sound compositions and musical notation. The efforts of two working groups of the Music Library Association have resulted in improved access in many of these areas. Still, problems remain, some due to LC's policies and practices regarding musical styles. It may take other approaches, such as the use of a music thesaurus, to fully overcome the remaining issues.     

“… And Please Visit Our Facebook Page,Too!” How Radio Presenter Personalities Influence Listeners’ Interactions With Radio Stations

Radio personalities or presenters are important to music radio stations, as their individual personalities influence if, how, and to what extent listeners want to interact with radio stations and presenters during programs. Both parasocial interaction with the presenter and flow experiences are believed to mediate the listener–presenter relationship. With this in mind, we conducted an experiment in which 236 German radio listeners aged 14 to 49 were asked to listen to the same radio show, but with varying presenters. Mediation analysis revealed notable effects of presenters’ personalities on listeners’ behavioral intentions. Both parasocial interaction and flow were found to be important mediators of the discovered effects.     

How Popular Music is Exhibited by Museums in Portugal at the Beginning of the Twenty‐First Century: A Case Study

Popular music is deeply embedded in the dynamics of the contemporary world by means of its capacity to engender modes of privacy and publicness, to communicate emotion, and to enable us to create connections—and so to work within communities. Museums have traditionally addressed art‐music through the exhibition of musical instruments. But now that the exhibition of popular music has presented new challenges and opportunities worldwide for museum professionals, examining popular music discourses in museums is of the utmost importance in order for it to be meaningfully celebrated as instances of heritage. This paper expands on the representation of Popular Music in museums in Portugal at the beginning of the twenty‐first century by discussing a case study: the exhibition No Tempo do Gira‐Discos: Um Percurso Pela Produção Fonográfica Portuguesa at Museu Nacional da Música, Lisbon, Portugal, in 2007. Two methods of analysis are deployed: interviews with the curators, which revealed insights on their understanding of popular music, and analysis of the exhibition through discourse analysis, specifically through the lens of the analytical concepts genre and register. Although the curators had themselves previously developed insightful and innovative concepts with regard to popular music, discourse analysis reveals how, in this instance, the museum practices were primarily inherited from past traditions, and so failed to convey the meanings previously envisioned by the curators. In order for genuine public engagement with museum exhibitions about music, a collaboration is required between the music studies and museum studies professionals. Only through such a collaboration can it be ensured that those contemporary dynamics are present and meaningful.     

The Performance Rights Act: Radio Broadcasting Faces Major Challenge in Long Battle Against Music Licensing

In 2009, Congressional subcommittees approved a bill which would impose a performance fee on radio stations playing music over the air, known as the Performance Rights Act (PRA). Passage of the PRA could historically alter the relationship between the radio broadcast industry and the music industry. Terrestrial broadcast radio stations have paid music licensing agencies fees to songwriters and composers but never to the artists. This study examines the acrimonious relationship radio broadcasters have had with the music licensing agencies over the past eight decades, and the potential impact of the PRA on the future of terrestrial radio.     

Sequence-based context-aware music recommendation

Contextual factors greatly affect users’ preferences for music, so they can benefit music recommendation and music retrieval. However, how to acquire and utilize the contextual information is still facing challenges. This paper proposes a novel approach for context-aware music recommendation, which infers users’ preferences for music, and then recommends music pieces that fit their real-time requirements. Specifically, the proposed approach first learns the low dimensional representations of music pieces from users’ music listening sequences using neural network models. Based on the learned representations, it then infers and models users’ general and contextual preferences for music from users’ historical listening records. Finally, music pieces in accordance with user’s preferences are recommended to the target user. Extensive experiments are conducted on real world datasets to compare the proposed method with other state-of-the-art recommendation methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms those baselines, especially on sparse data.     

一种新的音乐旋律提取方法及其应用

提出一种新的音乐旋律提取方法。该方法通过顺序扫描音名序列，探测音高变化，从而发现音符的边界，实现音符的分割。对1000首左右用电子键盘弹奏的中国民族音乐的乐曲进行自动分析，旋律提取的准确率超过90%。     

The Effect of Emotionally Arousing Negative Images on Judgments About News Stories

Two experiments investigated the influence effects of negative photographs on people's attitudes after reading a news story. Experiment 1 presented an online news emulation to participants showing a story and images (high-emotion/low-emotion/no image) about African famine relief efforts. Experiment 2 replicated the design with a story and images about U.S. involvement in the Afghanistan War. As anticipated, using the predictions of the Affect Heuristic model of judgment formation, the addition of pictures with strong emotional activation had a diminishing effect on people's support for the war in Afghanistan and their support for famine aid. Additionally, decreasing effects were observed in broader attitudes concerning participants' support of a militaristic national policy in Experiment 2. These results are discussed regarding their implications for theories of judgment formation and journalistic practice.     

The Representation of Altruistic and Egoistic Motivations in Popular Music over 60 Years

Content analyses examining the values expressed in popular music have been predominantly ad hoc, limited to antisocial themes, and lacking a comprehensive theoretical coding scheme. We applied a content analytic scheme based in the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) to examine altruistic and egoistic values in popular music over 60 years. Findings show (a) more frequent representation of egoistic than altruistic motivations, and (b) the profusion of egoistic motivations focused mostly on romantic (in adult-targeted music) but also platonic (in child-targeted music) relationships.     

活态民间音乐文化资源建设的实践与思考

[目的/意义] 活态民间音乐文化资源是指存活于民间的、鲜活的、发展的音乐文化资源。为记录和保存民间音乐文化,展现当下活态音乐的生存模式,中国音乐学院图书馆于2004年成立项目对活态音乐资源进行主动收集和保存。[方法/过程] 以中国音乐学院民间音乐资源建设项目为例,运用人类学、民族音乐学等方法和"走出去、请进来"的方式,将民间音乐及与其存活相连的文化事项整合考察,并以录音、摄像等多种形式收集第一手资料。[结果/结论] 活态民间音乐文化资源建设是一项庞大的音乐文献建设工程,在特色资源建设、艺术实践、文化传承等方面都发挥着重要作用,未来还将面临更大的挑战。     

浅谈谈音乐模块教学的现状

音乐新课程的改革巳经进行了一段时阀了t新课程对音乐课进行了科学的设置,但是音乐模块教学在实际的教学过程中到底有没有真正的得到实施是一个值得让人深思的问题。模块教学在设计的韧裒悬好的。但是在教学过程中所遇到的实际问题应引起我们音乐教师的思考与反省。     

A Music Researcher's View

A researcher with wide interests in the field of music and the music librarian at the same institution describe their separate views of collection development for university and college music libraries. Typically, articles on collection development are written from the perspective of the librarian/subject speclalist. This piece incorporates the viewpoints of two persons with differing academic functions and differing approaches to academic music libraries. One is an eclectic faculty member with a broad spectrum of research interest. The other is an experienced music librarian who manages the music library at the faculty member's institution. Two separate essays briefly outlining the views of the faculty member/consumer and the music librarian/supplier are given below. The essays were independently conceived, and were not coordinated or cross-checked prior to their joining here.