Modern Educational Sagas: Legitimation of ideas and practices in Icelandic education

The article tells the story of changes in governance discourse and practices in Icelandic primary and secondary education in the late 1990s. Budget reform, curriculum changes and school-based self-evaluation aimed at a greater financial and pedagogical accountability of school professionals, especially principals, has changed the roles of principals and teachers. A clinical approach to diagnosing special educational needs views inclusion as a technical matter rather than as a social goal and enhances the emphases on the individual and her or his needs, proposed in the curriculum discourse. These kinds of reform have entered the educational discourse in Iceland, looking as if they were inevitable steps towards progress in the new millennium. They are modern educational sagas about Iceland and its place and role in global competition.     

Inclusion: identifying potential stressors for regular class teachers

This research investigates the potential stressors for teachers during inclusion. The study reports findings from 571 Queensland primary school teachers who were involved with including a child with a moderate or severe intellectual disability in their regular classrooms. Teachers who responded to the Teacher Stress and Coping Questionnaire (TSC) did not appear to be overly stressed by inclusion. Issues that related to a teacher's professional competence and the behaviour of the child with the intellectual disability were the most stressful for teachers. Female teachers reported greater stress than their male counterparts when coping with classroom issues. An increase in number of years involved with inclusion and participation in formal training were associated with a reduction in stress. Discussion focuses on the need to identify potential stressors during inclusion to enable more appropriate preservice and inservice training and support to be provided.     

企业所得税避免国际双重征税办法的改进

为了避免国际双重征税．我国税法采用了从汇总税额中进行了分国不分项抵扣或定率抵扣的方法。由于这两种方法各有其缺点。故本文提出了一种新的改进方法：应纳所得税＝境内所得应纳税额＋已在某国缴纳税额比按税法应纳税额少纳金额。     

Using an Assistive Technology Toolkit to Promote Inclusion

Although the use of assistive technology for young children is increasing, the lack of awareness and the lack of training continue to act as major barriers to providers using assistive technology. This article describes an assistive technology toolkit designed for use with young children with disabilities that can be easily assembled and implemented by early childhood professionals. Specifically, we will describe assistive technology tools that support young children’s participation in their daily activities that involve movement and sensory needs, communication, and interaction with materials and offer strategies on how to implement these devices. An assembled toolkit that allows young children with disabilities immediate access to experiences that lead to acquisition of skills they need to learn and grow is discussed.     

社会融合理论视角下高校毕业生困难群体的就业指导与服务探析

促进高职毕业生困难群体的就业是促进社会融合的重要内容之一,因此,发挥就业指导与服务的作用势在必行。反思我国目前高职毕业生困难群体,相比家庭经济条件好的学生,在签约时间、择业岗位、签约率及就业服务指导等方面都相对滞后。因此,加强对这些困难学生群体的就业指导与服务,帮助这些学生更好地融入社会是摆在全体教育工作者面前的重要任务。     

学校改进的路径分析:学校领导的视角

学校改进已经成为我国新时期教育改革发展的一个重要主题.学校改进关注点也从资源投入、课程设计等方面逐渐转向学校领导的过程.尽管已经有研究成果表明学校领导在改进学校以及促进学生学业成绩提高方面具有显著作用,但如何改进以及怎样做的研究还不充分.本文从学校领导视角,通过分析已有的有效学校以及成功领导模型的研究成果,归纳出四个学校领导改进的路径,期冀对我国学校改进的研究与实践有所助益.     

环糊精与过渡金属配合物的包合物

环糊精及其衍生物不仅与简单客体分子包合，也与过渡金属配合物发生包合作用，其中环糊精衍生物与过渡金属配合物的包合作用，可通过环糊精修饰形成金属离子加冠环糊精主体分子，再与有机配体分子包合以及发生相互作用来实现。     

临沧市初中生英语学习策略的现状调查与分析

通过对临沧市初中生英语学习策略的现状进行调查和分析，了解到该市初中生使用英语学习策略的总体情况以及存在的问题。在此基础上，分析了影响其英语学习策略使用的因素，进而提出培养学生英语学习策略的一些途径与方法。     

非齐次特征值的包含域及其推广

因为非齐次特征值问题在数学和其它领域里有许多应用,因此首先给出了有关非齐次特征值问题的一些相关结论.本文将非齐次特征值问题做了进一步的推广,主要将非齐次特征值的包含域推广到了非齐次块特征值问题上,给出了它的特征值的分布范围.     

学习型社会后发展学校执行力建设及其保障

学习型社会的教育要满足全民学习、全域学习、终生学习的要求,其价值定位要着眼于公平、优质、高效,最后达成人民满意的教育之效果。教育均衡发展政策和学校改进运动是与学习型社会教育需求匹配的教育质量和效能改进政策与实践运动。后发展学校理应得到改善。与已经发展很好的学校相比,后发展学校指教育资源相对贫乏、在资源配置齐备之后,有较大的上升空间、但由于积弱太久学校自主持续发展的机制和能力有待加强和供给的学校。     

广义模糊粗糙集的包含度和相似度

模糊粗糙集是目前数据挖掘领域关注的热点之一,作者在Pawlak粗糙集模型基础上,把一个论域推广为两个论域;把等价关系推广为模糊关系,被近似对象换成模糊集,得到广义模糊粗糙集模型,建立了广义模糊近似空间。在广义模糊近似空间中定义了广义模糊粗糙集上的包含度和相似度,并讨论了此包含度和相似度相关性质。     

知识准入课程中的博弈类型分析

课程的形成既不是对知识进行客观筛选的结果,也不是由支配集团单向独断、单方建构的过程,而是不同利益群体争相在课程中获得话语权的博弈过程。以国家作为博弈主体,它参与的课程博弈类型包括支配集团内部的博弈、支配集团与被支配集团之间的博弈、政治精英与学术精英之间的博弈以及支配集团与学生之间的博弈。最终,课程的诞生,就是不同利益群体多次博弈后＂妥协＂的结果。     

Managed moves: schools collaborating for collective gain

Government guidance in the United Kingdom encourages groups of schools to take collective responsibility for supporting and making provision for excluded pupils and those at risk of exclusion. Managed moves are one way that some schools and authorities are enacting such guidance. This article presents the results of an evaluation of one such scheme. The scheme, involving seven neighbouring secondary schools, was nearing its first year of completion. The article draws primarily on interview data with pupils, parents and school staff to describe a number of positive outcomes associated with the scheme and to explore how these were achieved. We found that while some of these could be attributed directly to the managed move, others arose from the more inclusive ethos and practices of particular schools. The concepts of tailored support, care and commitment emerged as strong themes that underpinned the various practical ways in which some schools in the cluster were able to re‐engage ‘at‐risk’ pupils. As managed moves become more widely practised it will be important to remember that it is how the move proceeds and develops rather than the move itself that will ultimately make the difference for troubled and troublesome pupils.     

Using Continuous Improvement to Enhance an Online Course

Assessment is becoming important from many different perspectives. Universities are planning, developing, and testing various assessment models to satisfy stakeholders. Many accrediting agencies are also requiring assessment plans and their implementation from universities for reaccreditation. This article describes how assessment was used to continuously improve a database course in a Web MBA program, and combines Deming's Plan‐Do‐Check‐Act (PDCA) cycle with Bloom's taxonomy to develop rubrics for problem solving learning objectives in an online course. Results from direct and indirect measurements are used to improve the course. Specifically, two semester results are compared for course assessment. Results show some improvement; however, the course requires continuous improvement to meet benchmarks. The model presented here is generic in nature and should be useful for all educators who plan to initiate or continue the assessment and continuous improvement process. Instead of reinventing the wheel, educators can learn from our experiences and use the results as a starting point for their own assessment programs.     

School performance feedback systems in the USA and in The Netherlands: a comparison

Schools around the world are using instruments for performance feedback, but there is no scientific evidence that they have positive effects on education. This paper compares a School Performance Feedback System (SPFS) used in the USA as an accountability instrument to an SPFS used in The Netherlands. The study employs a unique database: one in which 2 separate countries with 2 distinct performance systems are compared using the same instruments. The use and effects of both SPFSs are compared to acquire more knowledge about the utilization and effects of SPFSs in an international context. Also, the variables which influence SPFSs are presented and then utilized to predict the use of the 2 SPFSs in their 2 separate contexts.     

"I Didn't Expect That I Would Get Tons of Friends More Each Day": Children's experiences of friendship during the transition to school

This article presents some of the findings from a study that explores the complex nature of the transition to school, and looks specifically at 23 children's experiences of friendship and the way in which this impacted on their early experiences of school. Observations of the children, and interviews with the children, their families and their teachers, revealed that not only did friends play a vital role in facilitating the children's transition to formal schooling, they also assisted directly in facilitating the children's learning. Conversely, a lack of friends was related to a more difficult transition, the repercussions of which often extended for some time. The article suggests that parents/caregivers and teachers may wish to take a proactive role in providing opportunities for children to make friends during their transition to school.     

基于手机的移动学习在开展中面临的挑战

移动学习是随着移动通信技术广泛应用而产生的一种新的学习方式,这种全新的学习方式在实际的成长过程中终会面临诸多的挑战。文章首先阐述了移动学习的基本概念,分析了移动学习在实际教育应用中在技术层面、教学层面、社会层面面临的种种挑战;在此基础上,提出应对这些层面挑战的建议和解决方案。     

Inclusion and mainstream education: an equal cooperation system

By being holistic, inclusion implies the involvement of a wide variety of professionals coming from very diverse professional and institutional backgrounds. It will only find its unity in a common focus on the individual project and in the coherence of all participants' contributions, interactions and interrelationships. Because such coherent functioning is far from being spontaneous, the proposed analysis aims to identify some features contributing to the coherence of mainstream schooling situations and to the quality of the guidance of the assistant. It reveals that this coherence lies in the ability to define clearly what is expected by a mainstream education process, so that the different actors can combine an integrative perspective based on schools' needs and a participative approach based on children's needs. Secondly, it appears that guidance is likely to be appropriate to the child's needs if it is based in the coinvolvement of interindividual and organizational contractual relationships. Finally, the analysis reveals that the coherence of a mainstream education process presupposes strategies through which equal cooperation systems, taking into account inter-individual dynamics as well as organisational logics, can be created.     

课程网络化学习对学生心理健康的影响研究

在金华商业学校实验班级33名学生中开展为期一年的课程网络化教学,并在网络化教学前后进行SCL－90量表的心理学测试,统计分析结果表明,在现代教育理念指导下的课程网络化学习对提高中等职业学校学生的心理健康水平具有显著影响。