学业拖延影响因素研究述评

学业拖延指推迟完成与个人学业相关的任务,不能在规定的时间内完成任务。文章在全面总结国内外近二十多年来相关研究成果的基础上,从人格、动机、情绪、不合理信念、自我、任务特征和环境等方面对学业拖延的影响因素进行了梳理,分析了已有研究存在的不足,并对未来学业拖延影响因素的研究进行了展望。     

Procrastination in a distance university setting

Procrastination, putting off until tomorrow what should have been done today, is a self-regulation failure that is widespread among students. Although plenty of research has emerged regarding academic procrastination, hardly any research endeavor regarding procrastination in distance university settings exists. This lack of research is even more astonishing when considering that the demands on self-regulation are higher in distance education settings than in traditional university settings. The present (questionnaire) study was intended to shed light on procrastination in an actual distance university setting by exploring its relationship to grades, learning strategies (e.g., cognitive, meta-cognitive strategies), and life satisfaction in students from a distance university in comparison to students from a traditional university.     

Predicting successful completion using student delay indicators in undergraduate self-paced online courses

Self-paced online courses meet flexibility and learning needs of many students, but skepticism persists regarding the quality and the tendency for students to procrastinate in self-paced courses. Research is needed to understand procrastination and delay patterns of students in online self-paced courses to predict successful completion and retention. This article examines three measures of delay in undergraduate online self-paced courses: the days between registration date and first date of assignment submission (Days to Start), the average days between assignment submissions (Days between Assignments), and total days between registration and completion (Days to Complete). The average length of time between assignment submissions was found to be most useful to predict final letter grade and withdrawal. Students’ consistency and regular work on a self-paced class may be the best strategy for success. Institutions offering self-paced courses should implement strategies to teach students self-regulating behaviors.     

The use of visual schedules and work systems to increase the on‐task behaviour of students on the autism spectrum in mainstream classrooms

Apparent differences in executive function can lead to challenges for students on the autism spectrum in mainstream settings. Difficulties with staying on‐task and transitioning between tasks and task elements can interfere with students’ participation in educational activities and lead to stress and anxiety. While the use of visual supports, such as visual schedules and work systems, has been shown to be effective in supporting students to stay on‐task in special education and autism‐specific settings, there is little research to support the use of these strategies by teachers in mainstream classrooms. This study evaluated the use of visual schedules and work systems in supporting four students on the autism spectrum to stay on‐task and work independently in a mainstream setting. These strategies were implemented by teachers as inclusive practices, and evaluated using observations within the natural classroom environment to examine their feasibility in mainstream settings. All participants demonstrated improvements in on‐task behaviours. Results for other, secondary, dependent variables were mixed, with some students showing reduced off‐task behaviours and increased productivity. The implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.     

Innovation in PhD completion: the hardy shall succeed (and be happy!)

What is it that makes a PhD such a difficult process, and prevents candidates from completing on time? In this paper, we propose that self‐sabotaging behaviours, including overcommitting, procrastination and perfectionism, have a role to play. At Flinders University, we have developed a program in which we work with PhD students to help to reduce these behaviours and give them the strategies and attitudes they need to successfully (and happily!) complete their thesis. The program utilises cognitive–behavioural coaching, an evidence‐based strategy that we claim leads to significant and long‐term behavioural change. An evaluation of the program indicates that it is very successful, improving students’ ability to manage their time, set specific times for writing, and show work to their supervisor regularly, and that these behaviours were associated with lower levels of stress and improved ability to complete.     

大学生学业拖延及其干预

大学生学业拖延现象是高校教育者普遍关注的问题。学业拖延是指个体经常或几乎经常延迟学习任务,并且经常或者几乎经常经历与拖延有关的问题性焦虑的倾向。其影响因素不仅有个体内部的认知、情绪、人格,还涉及学习任务、环境等外部因素。拖延干预主要有国外针对大学生拖延行为进行团体治疗和个体治疗模式。     

Academic procrastination in linking motivation and achievement-related behaviours: a perspective of expectancy-value theory

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships among college students’ achievement motivation (subjective task value and academic self-efficacy), academic procrastination (delay and missing deadlines) and achievement-related behaviours (effort and persistence). More specifically, the study investigated the mediating role of academic procrastination in linking college students’ achievement motivation to their effort and persistence from the perspective of the expectancy-value theory. A total of 584 college students enrolled in a large southern urban university completed a self-report survey for the study. The study suggested two possible pathways that motivate students to persist and put forth greater effort, rooting in students’ academic self-efficacy and subjective task value through their relationships with students’ academic procrastination.     

拖延症的成因及对策分析

每个个体都存在不同程度的拖延,但并非所有的拖延行为都称之为拖延症,拖延症是那些因为拖延行为已经引起极大的情绪困扰和对现实生活造成实际困扰的深度拖延和消极拖延,它不仅影响个体的心理健康和生活质量,也影响着个体人际关系和他人利益。战胜拖延症势在必行,剖析拖延症的形成原因,揭露它的巨大危害,转变拖延思维,构建合理信念,培养情绪肌肉,提高对不愉快事物的忍耐力,以持之以恒的＂立即行动＂告别拖延。     

Comparing active delay and procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective

Researchers have proposed that the act of postponing academic work may be divided into a traditional definition of procrastination, viewed as maladaptive, and adaptive forms of delay. Adaptive forms of delay may be more consistent with certain facets of self-regulated learning. The current study investigated this issue by examining whether the relations between aspects of self-regulated learning and active delay may be distinct from the relations these aspects of self-regulated learning have with procrastination. Among 206 undergraduates, procrastination was positively predicted by mastery-avoidance goals and negatively by metacognitive strategy usage, whereas active delay was negatively predicted by avoidance goals and positively by self-efficacy. Furthermore, students who reported higher levels of active delay also received better grades. These findings provide support that active delay is a distinct form of delay from procrastination that may be more positive due to its associations with some adaptive self-regulatory processes and academic achievement.     

Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination

This article reports two studies exploring the academic procrastination of 456 undergraduates. Study 1 explores the relationships among academic procrastination, self-regulation, academic self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-efficacy for self-regulation. Results reveal that although other self-variables are related to procrastination, self-efficacy for self-regulation is most predictive of procrastination tendencies. Study 2 examines academic and motivation characteristics of “negative procrastinators,” the undergraduates who are most adversely influenced by procrastination. The 25% of 195 participants in Study 2 who were classified as negative procrastinators had significantly lower GPAs, higher levels of daily and task procrastination, lower predicted and actual class grades, and lower self-efficacy for self-regulation. After controlling for GPA, daily procrastination and self-efficacy for self-regulation significantly predicted the negative impact of procrastination. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance that self-efficacy for self-regulation holds for procrastination research, and with suggestions for practitioners who work with students who are adversely affected by procrastination.     

Suicide prevention: Guidelines for schools

Adolescent suicide is escalating, especially among White male teenagers who use drugs and/or alcohol, are depressed or cognitively rigid, have maladaptive families, have experienced recent loss, misunderstand death, and know a suicide victim. Teachers can foster suicide resistance by developing teens' cognitive deterrents and encouraging adaptive coping strategies. Recommended assessment tools for potentially suicidal children and teens include the Reasons for Living Inventory and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire. For teachers, intervention strategies include listening empathically, asking directly about potential suicide, and breaking confidentiality in cases of an actively suicidal child or teenager. Administratively, helpful strategies are hot lines, suicide prevention training modules, and publicity of popular students' adaptive responses to stress such as drug rehabilitation or therapy. After suicide, administrators should work to diminish survivor guilt, minimize scapegoating, and prevent contagion.     

Interaction between task values and self-efficacy on maladaptive achievement strategy use

We tested the interaction between task value and self-efficacy on defensive pessimism, academic cheating, procrastination and self-handicapping among 574 Korean 11th graders in the context of English as a foreign language. We hypothesised that perceiving high value in tasks or domains for which self-efficacy was low would pose a threat to perceived self-worth, leading students to resort to various maladaptive achievement strategies. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that, consistent with our hypothesis, the relationships of task value with academic cheating and procrastination depended on the level of self-efficacy. Perceiving high intrinsic value positively predicted academic cheating for students with low self-efficacy but not for students with high self-efficacy. Likewise, perceiving intrinsic or utility value positively predicted procrastination for students with low self-efficacy but not for students with high self-efficacy. Our findings support the major tenets of self-worth theory.     

从局外人到局内人：博士新生的学业困境与应对过程

博士新生如何应对学业困境对其后续发展具有关键作用，是其社会化的核心环节。本研究采用扎根理论的方法，分析了53名博士新生的学习经历。研究发现博士新生可能由于动力缺失、任务过难、环境干扰、资源不足、情感冲击，而在学业层面遭遇缺乏方向、难以投入和反馈消极的困难。当学业困难所产生的负面情绪强烈到能够影响博士生的日常学习时，博士生就陷入学业困境。陷入困境后博士生可能会采取调整投入、调节情绪、寻求帮助等方式积极应对，也可能会采取逃避拖延、放任情绪、自我孤立等方式消极应对。消极应对的博士生，往往会处于拖延和突击交替的状态，使得困境随着时间的推移进一步恶化。积极应对的博士生，可能会通过自我知觉的改善和积极的阶段性结果形成正向反馈，逐步摆脱困境，促进其从局外人向局内人的转化；也可能会由于没有得到及时和足够的正向反馈，转而采取消极的应对方式，不仅没有摆脱困境，反而会陷入更深的困境。     

大学生拖延行为与自我效能、知觉压力的关系研究--以杭州市大学生为考察对象

该文研究之目的:探索当前大学生的拖延行为与一般自我效能、知觉压力之间的相关关系。之方法:采用分层随机抽样的方法从杭州市大学生中抽取280人作为对象,利用问卷调查法收集调查对象的相关数据,运用SPSS25.0软件对数据进行录入和统计分析。之结果:大学生拖延行为具有较高发生率(大学生拖延行为发生率为80.4%);大学生拖延水平与一般自我效能呈负相关关系(r=-0.143,p<0.05),与知觉压力呈正相关关系(r=0.250,p<0.01)。之结论:就杭州市大学生而言,一般自我效能较高者,拖延水平相对较低;知觉压力较大者,拖延水平相对较高。就此,为制定帮助大学生群体减少拖延行为的策略提供实证依据和科学建议。     

大学生拖延行为与自尊的关系分析

采用Aitken拖延问卷(API)和Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)对350名大学生进行问卷调查,探讨大学生群体拖延行为的现状、差异以及拖延行为与自尊的关系,为大学生拖延行为的矫正提供参考。结果显示:不同性别、年级、生源地、是否独生子女和学科性质的大学生在拖延行为上不存在显著差异,自尊总分与拖延总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.487,P<0.01)。大学生的拖延行为非常普遍,大学生自尊水平的高低是影响大学生拖延行为的重要因素,大学生应提高自尊水平,以降低和减少大学生的拖延行为。     

Factors Associated with Disruptive Behaviour in the Classroom

This paper examines the relationships of pupils' on‐task orientation at school and their opposition to teachers with perceived cognitive competence, perceived relevance of schoolwork, and the belief that going against school norms increases peer status. The study was conducted as a survey among a national representative sample of 3834 pupils in Years/Grades 6 and 9 who were attending Norwegian schools. The results indicate that low perceived cognitive competence, perceived low relevance of schoolwork, and the belief that norm‐breaking behaviour elicits peer approval all increase the likelihood and incidence of off‐task behaviour and opposition towards teachers. Results also suggest a tendency for perceived cognitive competence and perceived relevance of schoolwork to be more important predictors of on‐task orientation than opposition to teachers, whereas the belief that breaking school norms increases peer status seems to be a more important risk factor for opposition to teachers than for off‐task orientation.     

The effect of phubbing,a behavioral problem,on academic procrastination: The mediating and moderating role of academic self-efficacy

Our preoccupation with smartphones affects our attitudes. Our changing attitudes also create disruptions in our daily routines. Smartphones, the most common technological device we use, have exposed individuals to phubbing behavior. The behavioral problem we define as phubbing causes disruptions and procrastination in our academic responsibilities. In this study, the relationship between phubbing frequency and academic procrastination tendencies of students and the effect of academic self-efficacy on this relationship were performed. For this purpose, in this study, the mediator and moderator role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between academic procrastination and phubbing was examined. The study group of the research consisted of 518 students in late adolescence from Turkey. 323 (62.4%) of the participants were females and 195 (37.6%) of them were males (Mage = 19.4 years). They completed questionnaires measuring phubbing tendency, academic procrastination, academic self-efficacy, and personal information form. It was found that academic self-efficacy was a partial mediator in the relationship between academic procrastination and phubbing. In addition, academic self-efficacy also had a moderator effect. According to these results, it can be said that the acquisition of academic self-efficacy can reduce the negative effects of phubbing, which is a behavioral problem, and the tendency to academic procrastination.     

Teaching Self‐management Strategies for Independent Story Writing to Children with Classroom Behaviour Difficulties

Abstract Seven primary school children with behaviour difficulties showed low levels of on‐task writing behaviour, high levels of off‐task disruptive behaviour and a low number of words written during regular classroom story writing sessions. Introduction of self‐recording of work behaviours during story writing for the whole class of 34 children was associated with increased on‐task, decreased off‐task disruptive behaviour and an increased number of words written for target children. There was also an increased number of words written by six other children for whom story writing data was collected. Introduction of say‐do correspondence training for five of the target children showed further increases in independent story writing behaviour and reductions in off‐task behaviours that disrupted the written language sessions.     

Trait procrastination,self-efficacy and achievement goals: the mediation role of boredom coping strategies

Limited research has examined the mediational role of coping strategy in students’ motivation and procrastination. In this study, we examined the relationships among self-efficacy, achievement goals, boredom coping strategies and procrastination with 506 Chinese college students. Data were collected via questionnaires. Structural equation modelling results showed that both self-efficacy and approach goals significantly predicted approach-oriented coping strategies, and avoidance goals significantly predicted avoidance-oriented coping strategies. Among the different types of boredom coping strategies, only behavioural avoidance coping strategy significantly predicted procrastination. Hence, the mediating link was only found between avoidance goals, behavioural avoidance coping strategy and procrastination. Implications of the mediating role of behavioural avoidance coping strategy in the goal-procrastination relationship were further discussed.