视觉工作记忆中有限资源分配的机制

针对人类视觉工作记忆有限资源分配的机制,研究者进行了丰富的行为和脑机制研究.这些研究主要从三个方面开展:客体复杂性与视觉工作记忆广度的关系,视觉工作记忆中客体表征的精准性与资源分配机制,视觉工作记忆广度有限性的大脑生理基础.仔细分析这些研究可以发现,依然存在一些问题没有得到很好的解决:视觉工作记忆中是否存在固定数量的"贮存槽"以及资源的分配是否具有灵活性;客体复杂性与客体表征精准性之间的关系;视觉工作记忆有限资源动态分配的大脑机制.解决这些问题将是视觉工作记忆未来的研究方向.     

不同场景中的视觉工作记忆

近年来,很多研究分别从动态场景中和静态场景中来研究视觉工作记忆。文章分别从研究范式、工作记忆的容量和存储方式的角度研究动态场景中的视觉工作记忆和静态场景中的视觉工作记忆的联系和区别。静态场景中的视觉工作记忆,大多使用变化觉察范式,主要在“强客体说”和“弱客体说”两种存储方式上存在较大的争议。动态场景中的视觉工作记忆,大多使用多客体追踪范式,强调“强客体说”的存储方式。     

工作记忆：从加工和存储的角度探索

当前的研究过分看重工作记忆的成分而忽略了其功能,从功能角度可以将工作记忆划分为加工功能和存储功能.加工和存储的关系历来是认知心理学家关注的焦点.介绍了一些加工与存储之间关系的理论,探讨了材料的领域特殊性、认知负荷和情绪对工作记忆的加工和存储的影响.当前的研究在工作记忆的研究范式上和对工作记忆功能的认识上都存在问题.将来需要在加工与存储之间的关系方面和情绪性工作记忆方面做更多的研究.     

干扰负载对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童视觉工作记忆的影响

为考察编码和提取阶段的干扰负载对注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童视觉工作记忆的影响。本研究采用纸笔测验,分别要求被试对编码和提取阶段的材料进行操作。结果发现,编码阶段,干扰负载对两组被试的影响没有显著差异;提取阶段,干扰负载对ADHD组被试的影响显著大于普通组被试。相对于普通组儿童而言,ADHD儿童的视觉工作记忆更易受到干扰负载的影响,这种影响体现在提取阶段。     

工作记忆中的存储与加工:理论演变与新趋势

存储与加工的关系和性质是工作记忆研究中的基础性问题。对于工作记忆中的速度———广度关系,经典的理论解释是凯斯提出的“资源权衡模型”,认为在总加工空间不变的情况下,存储广度的增大是由于操作空间的减少造成的,但近来Towse和Hitch提出质疑,认为,上述关系也许是由于加工时间的增加而导致更多的遗忘造成的,由此提出了“任务转换说”,并获得了实证研究的支持。在工作记忆存储与加工的性质上,领域一般性和领域特殊性的争论引起了心理学家的关注,一种代表性的观点是,加工效能体现领域一般性,存储容量具有领域特殊性。     

小学数学学习困难儿童的工作记忆广度研究

对数学学习困难儿童的工作记忆广度进行研究,结果发现数学学习困难儿童在言语和视觉空间工作记忆广度上都显著低于正常儿童,但这种不足主要是一种发展的延迟。对有无伴随阅读困难的数学学习困难儿童进行比较,发现二者的言语和视觉空间工作记忆广度都没有表现出显著差异。     

言语工作记忆在双语加工中的作用

本文探讨了言语工作记忆在双语者第一语言和第二语言学习中发挥的不同作用,尤其在两种语言的阅读理解、语法理解、口语水平、词汇密度和语言成绩等方面,并推论它在形式不同的语言加工中具有特殊性和普适性。     

文学客体特征论

文学与科学以及其他意识形态相比 ,不仅有它独特的反映方式 ,其创造的客体更有其不同的特征。它是渗入了主体的情思审美倾向和判断的生活 ,它要满足和表达人类对生活的诗意化的要求。     

工作记忆及其主要成分在语言理解中的作用

工作记忆是一种对有限容量的信息进行暂时加工和储存的一种记忆系统。工作记忆及其主要成分在语言理解中有重要的作用,本文将对工作记忆的主要成分及其在语言理解中的作用进行探讨。     

工作记忆在听障大学生推理他人心理状态中的作用

心理理论影响听障个体的同理心发展、人际交往以及融入社会的程度等。心理理论的加工机制是研究者关注的焦点问题,然而目前研究者对于个体心理理论的加工机制存在争议,有研究支持语义加工在个体推理他人心理状态中起到至关重要的作用,而有的研究则认为工作记忆才是个体在心理理论加工过程中的关键因素。因此,本研究以听障大学生、健听大学生各81名为被试,采取双任务实验范式,通过让被试在规定时间内进行语义加工理解故事内容、推理故事主角的心理状态,同时执行工作记忆任务,考察工作记忆在听障大学生心理理论中的作用。结果发现,对于听障大学生而言,推理他人心理状态的负荷干扰程度更为严重,语义加工不足以支撑其推理他人的心理状态,因此在推理他人心理状态阶段中施以重工作记忆负荷,可导致听障大学生推理他人心理状态的失败。     

Improving children's working memory and classroom performance

Previous research has demonstrated close relationships between working memory and children's scholastic attainment. The aim of the present study was to explore a method of improving working memory, using memory strategy training. Two hundred and fifty‐four children aged five to eight years were tested on measures of the phonological loop, visuo‐spatial sketchpad and central executive components of the multiple component model of working memory. Subgroups of children also completed tasks of following instructions and mental arithmetic in the classroom, and standardised tests of reading, arithmetic and mathematics. Half of the children then used Memory Booster, a computer game that teaches memory strategies, over a period of six to eight weeks. All the children were then retested on the memory and ability measures. The standardised tests were also administered five months later. The results revealed that working memory strategy training resulted in significant improvements in tasks assessing the phonological loop and central executive components of working memory, and tasks assessing following instructions and mental arithmetic in the classroom. However, no improvements were observed on standardised tests of reading, arithmetic or mathematics, either immediately following training or five months later. The results are discussed in terms of implications for educational practice.     

Taking working memory training from the laboratory into schools

Working memory skills have been shown to be enhanced by adaptive training in several randomised controlled trials. Here, two field trials were conducted in which teachers administered working memory training to their own pupils in school. Twenty-two children aged 8–9?years participated in Trial 1. In Trial 2, 50 children aged 9–11?years with the lowest academic performance completed training. They were matched with a group of 50 children who were not trained. Following training, children in Trial 1 improved significantly in both trained and untrained working memory tasks, with effect sizes comparable to those reported in research studies. Improvements on the trained tasks in Trial 2 were comparable, and training was associated with significantly greater progress at school across the academic year in maths and English. These findings indicate that teacher-administered training leads to generalised and robust gains in working memory and educationally significant gains in academic performance.     

谈工作记忆与类比推理

类比推理是一种特殊的推理形式,也是个体抽象思维的一种主要形式。有些心理学家着重研究与类比推理有关的问题,以期可以找到发展类比推理能力的有效策略,以提高学生学习新知识、新技能等的效率。经过大量研究与调查数据显示,工作记忆的各个子成分与类比推理之间有着密切的联系,工作记忆直接影响着个体类比推理能力的发展。因此,文章主要探讨工作记忆与类比推理的含义,以及工作记忆对类比推理的影响,希望能够为相关研究者提供参考。     

Visuospatial working memory in adolescents with poor performance in mathematics: variation depending on reading skills

The first purpose of this study was to investigate whether the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) skills of 15–16‐year‐old pupils with difficulties in mathematics differ from those of their normally achieving peers. The goal was to broaden the view of the complex system of VSWM. A set of passive and active VSWM tasks was used. The study’s second purpose was to investigate whether pupils with mathematical difficulties differed in their VSWM skills based on whether they had signs of reading deficits or not. Results indicate that the pupils with poor performance in maths showed poorer performance on certain VSWM tasks. The group with deficits only in maths had less capacity for storing passive visual simultaneous information, while the group with difficulties both in maths and reading had deficits in both storing (passive visual and visuospatial information) and processing, and had less ability to control irrelevant visuospatial information compared to their peers of the same age. The results indicate a general VSWM deficit in pupils with both mathematics and reading problems and a specific VSWM deficit in pupils with only mathematics problems.     

Phonological awareness,verbal working memory and the acquisition of literacy

This paper describes a 2-year longitudinal study of 76 initially prereading children. The study examined the relationships between phonological awareness (measured by tests of onset and rime, phonemic segmentation and phoneme deletion), verbal working memory and the development of reading and spelling. Factor analyses showed that the verbal working memory tests which were administered loaded on two distinct but highly related factors, the first of which,simple repetition, involved the repetition of verbal items exactly as spoken by the experimenter, whereas the second,backwards repetition, involved repetition of items in reverse order. Factor analyses also showed that, whist the phonological awareness variables consistently loaded on the backwards repetition factor at the beginning and end of Grade 1, by Grade 2 the phonological awareness variables loaded on a separate factor which also included sentence repetition. Results of multiple regression analyses, with reading and spelling as a compound criterion variable, indicated that phonological awareness consistently predicted later reading and spelling even when both simple and backwards repetition were controlled. In contrast, verbal working memory did not consistently predict reading and spelling across testing times. Whilst there was some indication that verbal working memory, especially backwards repetition, measured during Grade 1 did predict reading and spelling in Grade 2, these effects were no longer evident when all three phonological variables were controlled. Nevertheless, with 4 individual reading and 2 individual spelling measures as the criterion variables, it was shown that phonological awareness was not quite such a consistent predictor of reading and spelling: it was most highly related to reading pseudowords and spelling real words; but it was not so highly related to spelling pseudowords, apparently because the processing demands of the task for the young children in the study were extremely high. Given the importance of verbal working memory for the completion of phonological awareness, reading and spelling tasks, in particular for spelling pseudowords, the findings are interpreted as providing some support for a theoretical position which posits that both phonological awareness and verbal working memory contribute to the early stages of literacy acquisition. Whilst the findings suggest some support for a general underlying phonological ability, there is also evidence that, as children learn to read and write, verbal working memory and phonological awareness become more differentiated.     

The effects of informational complexity and working memory on problem-solving efficiency

This study investigated the influence of informational complexity and working memory capacity on problem-solving efficiency. We examined two predictions of thesituational efficiency hypothesis, which states that the efficiency of problem solving varies as a function of situational constraints. One prediction is that informational complexity affects problem-solving efficiency. A second prediction is that working memory capacity affects problem-solving efficiency. Students completed a working memory task and solved abstract and concrete syllogisms. Participants solved abstract syllogisms more accurately than concrete syllogisms and spent more time solving abstract syllogisms. Thus participants demonstrated greater problem-solving efficiency when solving concrete syllogisms. Results indicate that there is a trade-off between problem-solving accuracy and problem-solving time when information differs with respect to informational complexity, a phenomenon we refer to as theefficiency paradox. Working memory capacity did not affect accuracy or efficiency. The results support the conclusion that problem-solving efficiency is situational and a function of the complexity of information. Educational implications and directions for future research are suggested.     

Problem solving in mathematics: the significance of visualisation and related working memory

The importance of educational psychologists’ (EPs’) skills to the formulation of evidence-based educational strategies, as well as in response to learning difficulties, is demonstrated here in relation to mathematical problem solving. Initiatives to improve the link between mathematical skills from school to everyday life have drawn significantly on problem solving tasks. Through critical evaluation of research, the relevance of visualisation methods and working memory to problem solving is considered within this article. Studies suggest that differences exist in the effectiveness of particular visualisation methods, but that training can improve their utility and thereby problem solving performance. Additionally, differences between individuals and contexts can influence visualisation use, and some pupils experience specific difficulties in this area. Recommendations are made to enhance the teaching of visualisation as a strategy for problem solving, and to support those pupils with specific difficulties.     

Involvement of working memory in mental multiplication in Chinese elementary students

The authors' aim was to examine the relation between two-digit mental multiplication and working memory. In Study 1, involving 30 fifth-grade students, we used digit span backward as an abbreviated measure of working memory. In Study 2, involving 41 fourth-grade students, working memory comprised measures of phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive (i.e., updating) based on A. Miyake et al. (2000 Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., &; Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). In Study 1, working memory measured through the use of digit span backward explained unique variance in response time. In Study 2, participants' accuracy and response time were most susceptible to phonological loop influence. The findings support the argument that multiplication facts are stored in a verbal form and the retrieval of multiplication facts relies more on verbal modality. Unique features of Chinese mathematics instruction of mental multiplication were discussed. The findings suggested that the involvement of different subcomponents of working memory in mental arithmetic may be subject to instructional, contextual, and linguistic factors.     

Deaf children and children with ADHD in the inclusive classroom: working memory matters

This study compared the working memory functioning of deaf children, children with ADHD and typically developing children. Working memory is involved in the storage and mental manipulation of information during classroom learning activities that are crucial for the acquisition of complex skills and knowledge. Thus, it is important to determine how these groups compare in this regard as this has implications for teaching them together in an inclusive classroom. Simple and complex visuo-spatial and verbal working memory were assessed in 24 children with ADHD and 20 control children with no diagnosed ADHD, to determine whether any differences existed between these groups. A second comparison occurred between the simple and complex visuo-spatial working memory of the latter two groups, as well as 24 deaf children, all matched on age, gender and home language. The control group scored significantly higher than the deaf children and the children with ADHD on all components of simple and complex working memory. The implications of this finding are that children with ADHD and deaf children may share similar working memory profiles, making it easier to accommodate both sets of children together in the inclusive classroom. Suggestions are given for how educators could assist these children by reducing the demands on working memory.