Accommodations for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in Large-Scale, Standardized Assessments: Surveying the Landscape and Charting a New Direction

Students who are deaf or hard of hearing (SDHH) often use test accommodations when they participate in large-scale, standardized assessments. The purpose of this article is to present findings from the Third Annual Survey of Assessment and Accommodations for Students who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. The big five accommodations were reported by at least two-thirds of the 389 participants: extended time, small group/individual administration, test directions interpreted, test items read aloud, and test items interpreted. In a regression analysis, language used in instruction showed the most significant effects on accommodations use. The article considers these findings in light of a more proactive role for the National Survey in providing evidence for the effectiveness of accommodations with SDHH.     

性别差异：浅析《老友记》中的涉性幽默

性别研究是社会语言学研究的重要组成部分,本文通过分析美国流行情景喜剧《老友记》中男性与女性如何以不同方式使用涉性幽默来达到不同目的及其幽默运用所获得的不同结果,得出初步结论：一部分与女性有关的性别刻板印象在当代社会已不适用。     

‘We aren’t heroes,we’re survivors’: higher education as an opportunity for students with disabilities to reinvent an identity

The partial results of ongoing research in the ‘University Barriers and Aids Identified by Students with Disabilities’ Project are presented. This four-year study (2011–2014) was carried out by a University of Seville research team with lecturers from a variety of fields and areas of knowledge (Educational Sciences, Economics, Health Sciences and Experimental Sciences). The general aim was to discover, from listening to the students themselves, barriers and aids they identified as affecting access, academic performance and overall perception of their higher education experience. The biographical narrative method, which allows the participants to talk freely about themselves without silencing their subjectivity, was used. This information was acquired by data collection techniques, such as in-depth interviews, observations, photographs and interviews with key persons in the life of each student. A structural analysis was implemented using an inductive system of categories and codes included in the MaxODA10 data analysis program. This study revealed the most personal and private feelings of the participants as they discussed such things as their perception as students, identification of disabilities or their strategies for facing ‘adversities’. The discourse revealed higher education as a privileged scenario in which they are socially included and able to reinvent an identity that may have deteriorated during other stages of their education.     

Walking the walk: Rasch analysis of an exploratory survey of secondary teachers’ attitudes and understanding of students with learning difficulties

Abstract

This paper describes the use of low stakes Rasch analysis to examine the findings of a 2004 survey focused on secondary teachers’ attitudes and understanding of students with learning difficulties. The responses of 280 secondary teachers from across Queensland have been interpreted in complementary ways. Two sets of quantitative data were subjected to analysis using the Rasch model for rating scale data (Andrich, 1988; Bond & Fox, 2001). Attitudinal data was collected by Liken scale responses while data obtained from statements about student characteristics was analysed for understanding. These results were linked to demographic indicators and to qualitative data of selected teacher groups. This exploratory study revealed a uniformity of teacher attitude and understanding regardless of demographic indicator. This has significant implications for teacher educators, pedagogy, school organisation and culture as well as for the large numbers of students with learning difficulties enrolled in secondary schools.     

能看但又看不见的盲人--《失明症漫记》主题探析

萨拉马戈凭借着其丰富的想象力虚构了被一场失明症席卷的城市,告诉我们要理智,要约束自己的兽性,否则会使人间变成地狱。他希望我们这些“能看但又看不见的盲人”能够“再生”。     

How Interest in Science Negatively Influences Perceptions of Women

We examined whether women who pursue scientific training are viewed negatively by college students. Participants (N = 114 college students; 56 women, 58 men) saw a woman describe her major (either chemistry or the humanities) and express either strong commitment to her course of study or ambivalence about it. Participants then provided judgments about the speaker's traits (such as assertiveness and sociability), social behaviors (including how often she dates), and her future potential (including happiness and fulfillment with her career, as well as starting salary). Results indicated that both major and commitment level influenced perceptions of the speaker. Commitment to the major increased judgments of future career fulfillment, intellectual competence, school achievement, and assertiveness. Pursuit of chemistry, however, was perceived as negative, as people judged the woman as less sociable when she was committed to being a chemist, and women participants predicted she would have a less fulfilling career. Men participants said they would not want to date her. Although women may understand that they could make more money in the sciences, negative judgments about their social capabilities and future happiness may contribute to their propensity to avoid science.     

从安娜之死看小说人物的情感结构

安娜·卡列尼娜是世界文学史上一个不朽的人物形象,她最终以卧轨自杀来结束自己年轻的生命。悲剧的发生,除了因当时上流社会的种种迫害等因素外,还有一些不可忽视的内在因素。从安娜个人的情感结构、安娜与伏伦斯基之间的情感结构、安娜对爱情的盲目性及其将爱情等同于生活的爱情观等因素来看,安娜最终走上悲剧具有必然性。     

Opportunities and limitations of using the linguistic category model as a measure of teachers’ implicit stereotypes in Germany

The current work focused on how ethnic stereotypes manifest themselves in language. The aim of our research was to investigate whether the Linguistic Category Model (LCM) is applicable to German teachers' language. More precisely, we investigated whether the categories proposed by Semin and Fiedler (1988) and mostly tested in the English-speaking world are applicable to German teachers' language and whether the pattern of Linguistic Intergroup Bias is evident in teachers' language. The analyses of two samples including in- and pre-service teachers (Study 1: N = 124, 76.6% female; Study 2: N = 104, 67.6% female) revealed difficulties in applying the LCM to German teachers' language. Further, neither of the two conducted studies found patterns of Linguistic Intergroup Bias in teachers’ language. We attribute this to a mismatch between the LCM and the German language and discuss the difficulties and limitations of applying the category system to other languages.     

Choosing 'stereotypes': debating the efficacy of (British) disability-criticism

This paper considers how, by paying attention to the divergent use of 'stereotypes' as a methodological tool, we concomitantly pay attention to the capacities of contemporary disability-criticism. First, the search for negative stereotypes is described in terms of how it enables the repeated citation of common examples. However, as some areas of disability-criticism have begun to acknowledge that 'stereotypes' are not exclusively a negative form, the second part of the paper uses the US cartoon series South Park to explore what sort of interpretations such a troublesome recognition allows. While critical discourse on disability is discussed as a whole, the ultimate aim is to draw some conclusions about the past, present and future of British disability-criticism. The paper concludes by suggesting that recognising the contingency of where we are on how we choose to read representations of disability strengthens debates about how we want to go on.     

论性别差异及其教育策略

性别差异指男女两性在心理学方面的不同特点。男女两性不仅存在着生理方面的差异,在心理发展的许多方面也同样客观地存在着一些差异,尤其在性格和行为方式及情感表达等方面差异较为明显。性别差异的形成在更大程度上取决于社会文化因素而非生理因素,必须采取有效的教育措施,使个体的发展既具有男女之共性,也具有男女之个性;既要摆脱性别角色标志的束缚,又不失性别本色。     

美国残疾人高等教育权益法律保障研究

残疾人高等教育权益的有效保障是实现残疾人教育公平的重要内容。美国不同层次的成文法和典型案例的司法判决,对\"残疾\"的鉴定标准、残疾人接受高等教育的\"适格\"标准和高等教育机构的\"合理调适\"程度做出了明确规定,从不同的角度规范着残疾人高等教育权益的具体环节。     

“How different can we be?”: Using Tuesdays with Morrie and intergenerational interactions to promote positive views of older adults among college students

ABSTRACT

This article reports the results of an Adult Development course assignment. This assignment required that undergraduate students interact with an older adult on two occasions, provide written reflection on these interactions, and read and review the book, Tuesdays with Morrie. The goals of this assignment were for students to comfortably interact with older adults, to recognize the value of intergenerational interactions, and to recognize ageist or stereotyped ideas that they may have held about older adults. The analyses were primarily qualitative, but indicate that these goals were met. Student reactions to this assignment were overwhelmingly positive and insightful. While a number of students expressed initial concern about these interactions, they unanimously reported them to be positive experiences. Students also indicated that it was a learning experience for them, and sometimes for the older adults as well, and several made note of stereotypes or ageist ideas that they had held. Students completed the Fraboni Scale of Ageism after completing these assignments, and scores were significantly below neutral. While pretest, and additional post-test, measures would make the results of this study stronger, the students’ reports indicate that they perceived positive change within themselves, which suggests that this was an effective means of promoting positive attitudes about older adults.     

Helping North Americans Overcome Stereotypes About Chinese Culture:Making Stereotype Become Tolerance of Diversity

Nowadays,intercultural communication is no longer an option,but a necessity.However,stereotypes might impact intercultural communication.Therefore,it’ s of significance to overcome stereotypes.This study is designed to find out how some North Americans are stereotyped toward Chinese and help them overcome their stereotypes and help Chinese people understand themselves thus make the communication between these two parts easier.     

刻板印象的解构——论《灶神之妻》中的母亲形象

从后殖民的视角梳理了美国主流话语中的华人刻板形象,通过分析华裔女作家谭恩美的第二部作品《灶神之妻》中的母亲形象,指出其塑造的新型中国女性形象颠覆了华裔女性沉默、柔弱可怜的刻板印象,对华裔自身在西方的发展具有现实意义。