Tenure,support of collective bargaining,and unionism in higher education: Some challenging findings

Questionnaire responses of a large educational faculty in a private university were used to examine support for collective bargaining and several propositions about unionism. The little existing research on specific schools within universities suggests that education faculties modestly support unionism, with tenure related negatively to it. Parametric and nonparametric analyses of data from this faculty revealed considerably different results, including far greater union support and tenure's positive relationship with unionism. This investigation suggests that theorizing about unionism and collective bargaining within the schools of universities, such as schools of education, needs to be reconsidered.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association in San Francisco, April 19–23, 1976.     

基于竞赛模式下的模拟集体谈判实践教学研究

集体谈判是市场经济国家调节劳动关系的基本手段和重要机制,为了培养懂集体谈判、会集体谈判的专业人才,不同地区和高校都开展了集体谈判模拟的比赛和教学活动。文章通过高校大学生参与湖北省第一届高校劳资集体谈判比赛、全国第八届高校集体谈判模拟比赛的教学过程及其效果,发现分析角色找准角色定位,理解劳动关系冲突的本质,把握集体谈判过程中的双赢与互惠原则,提高谈判技巧和能力,是模拟集体谈判实践教学内容的重点。组织集体谈判模拟和参与竞赛,能够有效帮助学生理解劳动关系集体谈判过程及结果,提高其谈判能力。     

Predicting faculty attitude toward collective bargaining

This exploratory study isolated factors useful for predicting faculty attitude toward collective bargaining (CB) in higher education. Research sought, first, to measure the strength of bivariate relationships between a CB attitude measure and other attitudinal and demographic variables and to investigate the nature of multivariate relationships between the former criterion and the latter predictors. Second, the underlying structure of the most useful predictor was examined. Results showed that measures of faculty perceptions of potential bargaining issues — including monetary issues, working conditions, participation in institutional decision-making and promotion and tenure policies — as well as individual faculty compensation were the most useful predictors of CB attitudes. Conclusions related these findings to alternatives for higher education faculty and administrators as well as for potential faculty organizers and bargaining agents.     

澳大利亚集体谈判制度的分析与借鉴

澳大利亚集体谈判具有受劳动者强烈支持、集体劳动关系与个人劳动关系相区分、政府密切监管的特征。我国集体协商制度与其相比,存在着制度推广的时间接近、都强调政府作用、工会职能都受到限制的共同点,同时也存在制度推广的方式不同、集体合同质量要求不同、集体劳动关系对集体合同依赖程度不同的区别。借鉴澳大利亚集体谈判制度,具体可从规范政府角色定住、适当提高集体合同的审核标准、以集体合同维系集体劳动关系几个方面进行,从而完善我国集体协商制度。     

大萧条时期美国集体谈判制度的建构及其启示

美国1929年爆发的经济危机导致其劳动法制的全面转型,其中建构的集体谈判制度在一定程度上矫正了劳资关系失衡的格局,对治理经济危机起到了很好的效果。在国际金融危机的背景下,中国有必要通过集体谈判建立劳动关系协调机制,提升对劳动者权益的保护水平,保障劳动者能够分享社会经济发展成果。     

A collective bargaining election: Issues and faculty voting behavior

Following the election of a faculty collective bargaining agent at the 14 Pennsylvania state colleges, the authors administered a survey questionnaire to a 50% sample of the bargaining unit. The objectives of the research were to identify relationships between faculty choice of a bargaining agent and several collective bargaining issues: attitudes about the contending associations, the extent to which internal versus external governance matters influenced voting behavior, attitudes about the scope of negotiations, attitudes about the defined bargaining unit, attitudes about faculty strikes, and demographic faculty characteristics. The authors provide primarily a narrative of the research findings and end with a succinct general summary of their findings. A brief discussion is also presented on the potential impact on elections of voters who fail to vote their conscience.     

Collective bargaining goals of university faculty

This paper examines the collective bargaining goals of 1,800 faculty members at eight Canadian universities. A particular focus of the study was the relationship between bargaining goals and traditional academic governance. The results of the analysis showed that faculty distinguish firmly between academic and nonacademic issues and deliberately choose to restrict the scope of bargaining to a relatively narrow range of issues involving money, job security, and grievance procedures. A major factor influencing this restricted bargaining scope was the confidence with and perceived influence of the traditional system of academic governance. The way in which the governance system functions helps determine whether academic and policy issues reach the bargaining table, suggesting that strong governance structures are not threatened by the advent of collective bargaining.     

劳资关系的集体谈判制度研究

集体谈判作为新时代劳资关系的纽带,在市场经济、集体维权和社会稳定等方面有着不可替代的作用。文章从我国集体谈判存在的问题出发,分析了国外有关集体谈判的先进经验,提出完善我国集体谈判的建议,以期寻求并实现我国集体谈判制度的突破或者质变。     

Organizational climate and faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining: A university in a major labor dispute

The present study attempts to broaden Neumann's (1979) original study, which included only universities with favorable labor relations, and to assess the role of organizational climate in predicting and explaining faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining at a college facing severe labor problems. The major findings of this study are the following. First, the perceived power structure is the dominant predictor of attitudes toward unionization at the university in a labor dispute. The magnitude of relationships between perceived power and collective bargaining attitudes is noticeably stronger at the university with unfavorable labor relations than at universities with favorable labor relations. Second, inequity is related to some aspects of collective bargaining and is not related to others. Third, perceived goals do not effect faculty attitudes toward unionization. The implications of these findings are discussed and elaborated.     

学术权力与行政权力的对抗游戏——论美国高校教师与高等院校之间的集体谈判

20世纪80年代以来,美国高校教师面临行政权力越来越强的控制.为了维护和捍卫自身权益,高校教师不惜参与或组织工会,与校方进行集体谈判.但由于教师群体内部对组织工会持有不同意见,更是由于法院否决了私立院校教师组织工会、开展集体谈判的权力,高校教师企图通过集体谈判对抗行政权力的战略性努力遭遇了失利.     

法国公共部门集体谈判制度探讨

从法国公共部门集体谈判的准备、过程和结果三个方面入手,对其法律基础、谈判主体、协商范围、不正当的劳资做法和谈判诚意、僵局解决机制、罢工、成果——集体协议以及政府管理机构这八个主要问题进行了分析和探讨。     

Governing for Results on a Postcollective Bargaining Wisconsin School Board

The popular narrative of Wisconsin’s collective bargaining battle started out being about money. Should public employees pay more toward their healthcare? Can school districts offset state aid cuts using the additional revenue from employee healthcare contributions? Does collective bargaining have a cost? This article gives an overview of Wisconsin school boards, explains exactly how Act 10 increased their power, demonstrates why and how improved school board governance can have an impact on student achievement, reviews the changes Wisconsin school boards are making because of Act 10, and provides policy recommendations to improve both board governance behaviors, and the quality of policies enacted by school boards in the postcollective bargaining era.     

Teacher Satisfaction and Turnover in Charter Schools: Examining the Variations and Possibilities for Collective Bargaining in State Laws

Charter schools see as many as one in four teachers leave annually, and recent evidence attributes much of this turnover to provisions affected by collective bargaining processes and state laws such as salary, benefits, job security, and working hours. There have been many recent efforts to improve teacher voice in charter schools (Kahlenberg & Potter, 2014), including engaging in some form of collective bargaining, but we know little about the possibilities dictated by state laws. Therefore, this article describes the possibilities and variations for collective bargaining by state and for different charter types (e.g., conversion vs. newly created charters), as well as laws that have the potential to improve teacher satisfaction in charter schools. Ideally, state laws and the collective bargaining process should provide the appropriate balance between flexibility for charter school leaders, teacher voice, and protections for teachers.     

Collective Bargaining and District Costs for Teacher Health Insurance: An Examination of the Data from the BLS and Wisconsin

District costs for teachers’ health insurance are, on average, higher then employer costs for private-sector professionals. How much of this is attributable to collective bargaining? This article examines the question using data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the state of Wisconsin. In addition, the impact of collective bargaining on employer costs is decomposed into the impact on total premiums and the employer’s share of those premiums.     

Australian Universities 1939‐1999: How Different Now?

Between 1939 and 1999, when the Australian population increased from 7 to 19 million, university enrolments rose from 14,236 to 681,870. Until 1974 the most notable changes were the increases in the size of universities and of departments (which encouraged greater specialization), continued increases in research expenditures, in the percentage of postgraduate students, and a gradual decline in collegiality. In 1974 the Commonwealth Government assumed full responsibility for government grants to universities and abolished fees at just that time when growth rates in the economy fell sharply. Government influence on the universities increased, and there were some departures from the no-fees policy for international and postgraduate course-work masters and diploma students. Then in 1988 the Government decided to abolish the distinction between universities and colleges of advanced education, to create through amalgamations a smaller number of much larger universities and to set a specific mission for each university in the interest of economic growth. The Tertiary Education Commission was abolished and the universities dealt directly with the Minister and his Department. The Universities became distinctly more managerial, less collegial, and the range of courses and degrees was greatly expanded. There are now legitimate doubts about the quality of some degrees. Student fees came back, but in a way that reduced the financial burden on the government without giving the universities greater freedom. The government sponsored collective bargaining for university staff but as universities were not given the capacity to earn much additional income, increases in salaries increased student/staff ratios and induced a decline in morale.     

Why collective bargaining in higher education

Fordham University faculty members rejected collective bargaining in a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) supervised election in the spring of 1975. The present study was conducted prior to the election. Relationships between faculty members' attitudes toward collective action and their perceptions of the quality of the organizational characteristics of the University were examined.The study was based on modern organization theory which contends that the needs of organizational participants must be satisfied and integrated with organizational goals to maximize output and to minimize the potential for dysfunctional behavior of the participants.The findings supported theory. Faculty members were less supportive of collective action when they perceived administrator-faculty and intrafaculty relationships, motivation processes, and communication processes to be at levels conducive to meeting their needs.     

Determinants of faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining in university graduate departments: An organizational climate approach

This study examines the relationship between some facets of organizational climate in university departments and faculty attitudes toward various aspects of faculty unionization. The dimensions of organizational climate explored are: the perceived power structure, assessment of rewards, and perceived organizational goals. The major findings of this study are: (a) The perceived power structure is an important determinant of attitudes toward an egalitarian system, especially in the social sciences. Perceived individual power is negatively related to egalitarian attitude in the physical sciences whereas perceived faculty group power is negatively related to favorable attitudes toward collective bargaining in the social sciences. (b) Perceived emphasis on consulting activities is positively related to attitudes toward seniority-based aspects of collective bargaining in the physical sciences while perceived emphasis on personal factors is positively related to all aspects of attitude toward collective bargaining in the social sciences. (c) Inequity is positively related to attitudes toward unionization both in the physical and social sciences. The policy implications of these findings to faculty and university administration are discussed.     

20世纪初美国劳资集体谈判思想初探

20世纪初,把集体谈判作为制度化分配经济权力的法律手段和劳资双方利益博弈的重要法律制度已渐为美国社会各界接受。美国主要工会组织财产法律观的变化,强调要工会应严格遵守劳资合同的义务,并把工人自愿结社和集体谈判视为在资本主义政治经济体制内提高劳工物质生活条件的两大政策支柱。为此,劳联极力倡导建立“法理社会”。美国社会的政治主流、经济学者和法律学者等对劳资合作予以积极的回应,倡导创设某种社会机制,强调通过法律制度的设置,确保工会在与资方的利益博弈中,通过集体谈判与资方分享企业利润分配的决定权,使工人的收入在总国民收入中占一个适当的比倒,以稳定和提高工人的社会购买力,使劳工和资方共享社会进步的成果。在美国企业界中,为数不少的“开明的”雇主也在其管理的企业中运用劳资集体谈判方式协调劳资关系的管理。劳资集体谈判思想的变化,推动了美国劳资集体谈判制度的出现并成为劳资关系法的重要支柱。     

美国工资集体谈判制度及其立法借鉴

美国的工资集体谈判制度发展已趋于成熟,是解决劳资双方冲突的重要手段,对于平衡双方地位起到了很重要的作用。对美国的工资集体谈判主体、内容、诚实义务、谈判结果等方面介绍分析,可以通过借鉴其谈判代表选派的监督机制、增加对企业拒绝协商的罚则及在严格执行工资协商制度下赋予企业一定的工资裁量权等方面完善我国的工资集体协商立法。     

Teachers’ Unions on the Defensive?: How Recent Collective Bargaining Laws Reformed the Rights of Teachers

Between 2011 and 2013 lawmakers in every state proposed, and often enacted, laws intended to impact codified state provisions related to teachers and teachers’ unions (author calculation). These new laws either worked against union interests (e.g., by prohibiting collective bargaining) or they aligned with union positions (e.g. by providing enhanced compensation benefits to teachers). In recent years scholars have paid more attention to the impact of teachers’ unions and collective bargaining. Few researchers have made an effort to understand state-level attempts to legislatively modify traditional union-protected rights. This paper is the first to explore these changes in detail. Using a self-collected dataset, I track the proposal and enactment of legislation related to teachers’ unions and their collective bargaining agreements in state legislatures between 2011 and 2013. I find that while large-scale attacks on public sector bargaining rights dwindled after 2011, smaller, more focused legislative proposals concerning the rights of teachers continued. Lawmakers succeeded in removing several job protections for teachers in ways that left both teachers and unions more vulnerable to the actions of school and district administrators. However, contrary to the popular media narrative, teachers actually made legislative gains, particularly in the area of compensation and benefits following 2011.