金丝桃属植物叶中分泌结构的比较解剖学研究

利用整体透明法、石蜡制片法和半薄切片法，对金丝桃属9组43种l亚种1变种的植物叶分泌 结构的类型、形态、结构和分布进行了比较研究。结果表明，分泌结构是金丝桃属植物叶片普遍的结构特征，根据其分泌结构的特征，可划分为分泌细胞团、分泌囊(道)和韧皮部中分泌小管道等3种分泌结构。其中，分泌细胞团按其在叶片的分布可分为叶缘型和散生型；分泌囊按其在叶横切面中的位置可分为栅栏组织型、海绵组织型、居中型(位于栅栏组织型与海绵组织型之间)和横跨叶肉组织型。根据分泌囊和分泌细胞团在该属植物叶中的分布可划分为3种类型：(1)只有分泌囊的类型；(2)只有分泌细胞团的类型；(3)具分泌囊和分泌细胞团的类型。两种主要分泌结构的类型、分布密度、分布位置及其形态等方面在组间和种间均存在—定的差异，对金丝桃属属以下等级的区分具有一定意义。在此基础上，对该属分泌结构的形态演化以及金丝桃属各组间的亲缘关系进行了探讨。     

中国芸香科植物叶分泌囊比较解剖学研究

利用整体透明、石腊和薄切片方法对芸香科22属,40种和2变种植物叶分泌囊的形态结构和分 布进行了比较研究。成熟分泌囊都由鞘细胞和一层上皮细胞围绕圆形腔隙构成,上皮细胞扁平,细胞壁 薄、完整,故分泌囊属裂生方式发生。鞘细胞1～5层,不同种类的层数有变化,个别种缺乏。内层鞘细 胞为扁平的薄壁细胞,外层的细胞壁较厚。分泌囊的形态结构、着生位置和分布密度等在不同属或不同 种间存在一定差异。根据分泌囊在叶中的分布位置和形态结构特点,可将其划分为:叶缘齿缝分泌囊, 叶肉分泌囊和两者混合型。叶肉分泌囊又可分海绵组织分泌囊和栅栏组织分泌囊。在此基础上对该科各类型分泌囊的形态演化关系以及各亚科或各属间的亲缘关系进行了探讨。     

中国部分木兰科植物染色体数目

作者观察了我国木兰科7属30种植物的染色体数目，其中23种为首次报道．     

葡萄属营养器官的比较解剖学及其系统学意义

 本文对国产葡萄属24个种、6个变种和4个美洲种进行了比较解剖学研究。比较观察了茎、节、 叶柄、叶片的维管系统、厚角组织、厚壁组织、毛状体、后含物、叶表皮角质等解剖学特征。并讨论了它们在系统学上的意义。        

介绍双子叶植物叶结构分类术语

本文系统地介绍了双子叶植物叶结构分类术语。这不仅有利于术语规范化，而且有利于国内外同行交流。     

中国乌头属药用植物比较解剖学的研究

本文对中国乌头属Aconitum三亚属53种及变种的药用植物进行了比较解剖学的研究。纳出该属植物根部组织构造的6大类型和18种亚型，找出了鉴定乌头类药材的解剖学特征。并结合植物分类学。化学分类学、细胞染色体和毒性，探讨了该属组织构造与植物系统演化之间的相关性。结果表明根部具有较进化的I型和II型构造的植物，含毒性很大的双酯型生物碱，主要存在于乌头亚属乌头组3，5-11系中；较原始的Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型及少数小根类Ⅱ型构造的植物，含毒性较小的阿替生和胺醇类生物碱，主要存在于露蕊乌头亚属和乌头亚属乌头组1—2系；更原始的V型和Ⅵ型构造的植物，含毒性更小的牛扁碱型生物碱，主要存在于牛扁亚属中。本文还从解剖学的角度对乌头属下等级的系统位置作了讨沦。     

木兰科分类系统的初步研究

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed.  This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology.  Different  authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I).  Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family.  According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.      The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic.  In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan.   Moreover,  one  genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region.  The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.  The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.      The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family.  Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus.   These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae.  It is worthwhile discussing their morphological  characters  and distributional patterns as follows:      The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel.  This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae.  Eighteen out of a total  of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis  and M. mega- phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang.  There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole.  The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas  and northeast India.  The evergreen species are distributed from northeast  Yunnan  (China)  to  the Malay Archipelago.  In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi- tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.      The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an- thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family.  About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca,  and  M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion)  and extend eastwards to Taiwan  of  China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there.  The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology.  In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more  endemics  and  more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

西北大学生命科学学院著名生物学家：胡正海教授——获奖项目《植物比较解剖学在中国50年的进展和展望》

胡正海教授先后兼任生物系主任、西北大学教学委员会副主任、学位和学术委员会委员、中科院系统与进化植物学开放研究实验室学术委员会副主任、国家自然科学基金委员会评委、教育部生物教学指导委员会成员、中国植物学会常务理事、省植物学会理事长、省药会常务理事、省科普作协常务理事、《西北植物学报》主编等职。     

中国假鹰爪属和皂帽花属植物叶的形态结构及其分类学意义

 利用扫描电镜技术、叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了假鹰爪属Desmos 4种植物和皂帽花属Dasy-maschalon 3种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明：假鹰爪属植物叶片近轴面表皮具大型球状含晶簇细胞和不含晶簇的表皮细胞两种类型，远轴面表皮细胞均具一较小的晶簇；叶肉组织明显分化为栅栏组织细胞和海绵组织细胞，油细胞分布于第2层的栅栏组织和海绵组织内，单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为4～6个；主脉维管组织被薄壁细胞分隔成束状。皂帽花属植物叶片近轴面表皮细胞形状相同，均具一晶簇，远轴面表皮细胞的晶簇和近轴面表皮细胞的晶簇相似；靠近上、下表皮的叶肉组织均分化为栅栏组织细胞，在两层栅栏组织细胞之间分化为一至几层海绵组织细胞，油细胞分布于海绵组织内，单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为2～3个；主脉维管组织形成连续的环状。由此可见两属叶的结构具有明显的差异，因而支持假鹰爪属和皂帽花属为两个独立属的观点。     

中国梅花草属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对梅花草属Parnassia 30种植物的叶表皮进行了观察。结果表明:气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮,少数种的上表皮也有分布,均为无规则型。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形;垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、浅波状和波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;一些种的保卫细胞两端有加厚;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒或小孔穴。气孔器类型及下表皮细胞形状的一致性表明梅花草属是一个自然分类群;sect. Saxifragastrum叶表皮特征具有多样性显示该组可能是一个复合群;突隔梅花草P. delavayi属于subsect. Xiphosandra,其气孔下陷,与其细胞学特征相似,支持独立为一组;此外,气孔器的分布、保卫细胞两端加厚、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。     

睡莲科叶比较解剖

 本文报道了睡莲科6个种比较解剖学的研究结果。莼菜的叶柄具一对维管束，其它5个种为 有限的、星散排列维管束，它们与单子叶植物相似；叶柄基本组织中除萍蓬草无气道外，其它种均有。叶为两面叶页，毛茛型气孔局限分布于叶腹面，但莲叶背面亦发育有少量气孔。莲的气孔在发育时属单唇型，成熟时则呈毛茛型。排水器、厚壁异细胞只见于莲。腺毛及吸水器除莲外，供研究的其它种在叶背面均存在。除莼菜及莲外，其它种都有星状石细胞。     根据本文的观察结果，我们认为莼菜属是睡莲科中较简化的属，它和Cabomba属有密切的亲缘关系，它们可独立成莼菜科(Cabombaceae)，包括于睡莲目内。睡莲属、  萍蓬草属、芡属和王莲属(Victoria)彼此亲缘关系密切，可留于睡莲科。莲属具独特的形态，与睡莲科的其它属亲缘关系不甚密切，因此，不但可分立为莲科，而且可独立成莲目。     

反射仪—K+试纸法快速测定烟草含K+水平的方法研究

比较了反射仪—K+试纸法(K+ts-fl)、原子吸收光谱法、ICP–aeS法测定烟株叶脉汁液中的K+含量的三种方法，确定反射仪—K+试纸法测定烟株钾含量的可行性及其最佳测定范围；在烤烟不同生育期，应用反射仪—K+试纸法对烟株叶片不同部位含K+水平的测定，确定其最佳测定时期及部位。研究结果表明，反射仪—K+试纸法与原子吸收光谱法、ICP–aeS法测定结果差异不显著，应用反射仪—K+试纸法进行烟株钾素快速诊断可行，且具有时间短，简单快速，易操作等优点。反射仪测定K+的稳定线性范围是0.30g/L~0.9g/L；在不同时期对烟株不同部位测定研究表明，最佳诊断部位为烟株第二平展叶叶脉基部2cm段。     

木兰科13个分类群和12个杂交组合的染色体数目

对木兰科Magnoliaceae 13个分类群的染色体进行了计数, 其中落叶木莲Manglietia decidua、香港木兰Magnolia championii、馨香玉兰Magnolia odoratissima、香木兰Magnolia guangnanensis等12个种的染色体数目为首次报道。同时对木兰科属内属间的12个人工杂交组合的后代进行了染色体鉴定,其中,二乔玉兰红元宝Magnolia×soulangeana“Hongyuanbao” (♀,2n=4x=76)与云南含笑Michelia yunnanensis (♂,2n=2x=38)、红元宝与金叶含笑Michelia foveolata(♂,2n=2x=38)杂交后代的染色体为2n=3x=57,为其亲本染色体半数之和,证明这两个远缘杂交后代为真实杂种。     

油桐属与石栗属叶解剖和花粉形态的比较观察

本文作者用光学显微镜和扫描电镜比较观察了石栗属Aleurites J．R．et G．Forst．一  种和油桐属Vernicia Lour.两种叶的解剖和花粉形态。  前者特点为具刺脊的花粉壁雕纹，表  皮具外气孔缘突和弯曲角质隆凸的气孔周缘，以及粗结节状纹饰，表皮下无皮下层。后者特  点为具瘤网脊的花粉壁雕纹，表皮具角质条纹饰，表皮下具一层皮下层，虽然两者的气孔均为平列型以及花粉均为巴豆型。油桐属Vernicia Lour.很久不被承认，这些微观性状提供了另  一个方面的证据，证明Airy shaw[6]最近又将Vernicia与Aleurites重新分开是正确的。 两属叶片均具有极相似的旱生生态形态，本文称之为圆闪光点orbicular lustrous spot。     

中美人工智能产业发展比较分析

通过对中美两国政府AI战略、科技巨头公司AI产业布局的比较研究,揭示我国在人工智能领域与美国存在的差距,分析我国AI领域缺乏战略性系统布局、AI开源技术和AI研究人才等问题,进而提出促进我国人工智能产业发展的对策建议。