舌尖现象和知晓感的关系研究

舌尖现象（tip-of-the-tongue,TOT）和知晓感（feeling of knowing,FOK）都是日常生活中常见的现象,同时也是认知心理学领域的研究热点。以往关于二者关系的研究从其定义和判断的产生方式出发,认为舌尖现象只是强烈的知晓感体验,单单是强度上的一个延续。随着研究的深入,研究者从前额皮质机能在记忆提取巾的作用着手,结果发现它们是性质不同的两种现象．主要体现在前额皮质机能对FOK判断的频率、准确性、强度等级等有显著影响,而对TOT报告的频率、准确性、强度等级等贡献不显著。     

元认知及元认知培养对教学的启示

元认知这一术语是在２０世纪７０年代由弗拉维尔提出的,在这以前中外历史上已有广泛的论述。弗拉维尔认为元认知的结构主要包括四个方面：一是元认知知识;二是元认知体验;三是目标或任务;四是行动或策略。要提高学生的元认知水平需从提高教师的认知水平以及学生的认知能力、动机水平、迁移策略与认知策略等方面入手。     

英语口语教学与元认知策略

英语口语能力的培养是大学英语教学的重点和难点,本文在介绍元认知策略的前提下,探讨当前大学英语口语教学的现状,分析如何运用元认知策略指导英语口语教学,提高学生英语口语能力。     

论元认知与英语阅读

本在国内外相关献的研究基础上，结合自己的问卷调查研究，讨论了元认知的内涵及在英语阅读中的作用，英语阅读理解水平与元认知能力的关系。最后对教师在英语阅读教学中，如何培养学生的元认知能力，提出了三点教育建议。     

A Critique of Cross-Linguistic Influence on Word Search In Tip-of-the-Tongue States

This critique gives a brief summary of Cross-Linguistic Influence on Word Search in Tip-of-the-Tongue States and ana?lyzes its strengths and weaknesses from theoretical and methodological perspectives....     

浅议外语教学中元认知能力的培养

本文从认知与元认知的概念入手,对国内外语言学习领域中的元认知理论和实践研究状况进行综述和评价,提出在外语教学中培养元认知能力的重要性及其策略和方法。     

元认知迁移理论及其对教学的启示

与认知策略知识对应的元认知迁移理论是当代认知心理学对学习迁移理论的新发展，其基本思想在于强调认知策略在学习和问题解决中的重要作用。本文阐述了元认知迁移理论的基本观点及其对教学的启示。     

Socially mediated metacognition and learning to write

Writing can be viewed as a recursive process involving both cognitive and metacognitive processes. Task, environment, individual cognition and affective processes all impact on producing written text. Recent research on the development of metacognition in young children has highlighted social constructivist and socio-cultural factors. Metacognition is seen as facilitated through collaborative tasks and through talk. This study investigated the peer construction of metacognition in 5-7-year-old children engaged on collaborative writing tasks. Six year 1 and year 2 classes were involved in the project (n = 172). 25 h of video observation data, teacher and researcher reflections and structured field notes were analysed qualitatively using ATLAS ti software. The written texts produced in these sessions were analysed using a qualitative content analysis, looking specifically for evidence of the process of text construction and metacognition. The findings provide evidence of young children's ability to engage in metacognitive talk and to use metacognition intentionally in the co-construction of written texts. The relationships between children and their talk partners mediated the effect of pre-determined ability in literacy. Teachers’ direct questioning aimed at reflection on the writing process did not always support metacognitive dialogues. Drawing on recent models of metacognition and writing the paper highlights the role of social factors in developing metacognition and illustrates the ways in which young children negotiate task demands during shared writing tasks.     

An analysis of Turkish high school students' metacognition and motivation

Publishing data on individual schools is becoming a common practice in more and more countries. Based on an extensive study of literature and interviews with experts in England, Scotland, The Netherlands, and France, this article reveals that publishing individual school data is not only a contested but also a very complex affair. Different stakeholders may benefit from the availability of individual (comparative) school data under the condition that some prerequisites are met. The publication system must prevent unintended effects from occurring. Additionally, criticisms on existing publication systems should be taken into account. Providing informative, correct, and comparative information is primordial. Value added measurements are explored as a promising approach.     

Do thinking styles contribute to metacognition beyond self‐rated abilities?

The principal objective of this study was to explore the predictive power of thinking styles for metacognition when self‐rated abilities were taken into account. As a preliminary step, the study examined the psychometric properties of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI). Four hundred and twenty‐four university students from mainland China responded to the MAI, the Thinking Styles Inventory‐Revised II, and the Self‐Rated Ability Scale. The study ascertained the reliability and validity of the MAI. More importantly, results suggested that three creativity‐generating styles (hierarchical, liberal and legislative) and the executive style predicted metacognition beyond self‐rated abilities. Practical significance of the main research finding was discussed for university faculty members, students and university senior managers.     

Pointing to parallels in ability-related differences in the use of metacognition in academic and psychomotor tasks

This paper offers a brief review of the use of metacognition by proficient and poor performers in academic and psychomotor tasks as well as highlights the parallels and provides directions for future research. Metacognition is knowledge about one's own cognitive processes [Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906–911.]. To date, the study of the use of metacognition by children with different levels of abilities (from those having a learning disability to those identified as gifted) has been mostly restricted to the cognitive abilities in academic areas such as reading, writing, or mathematics. The structure of knowledge has been more extensively explored in the expertise literature in the performance of both academic and psychomotor tasks. Similarities have been noted in the characteristic differences between experts and novices in both these types of tasks. Studies have begun to explore the use of metacognition in psychomotor tasks such as key strokes, ball throwing–catching, and running. It seems that, as with the structure of knowledge, parallels also exist in the use of metacognition by poor and proficient performers in academic and psychomotor tasks.     

Self-regulation and metacognition in young children's self-initiated play and Reflective Dialogue

This paper looks at ways in which a group of children aged three–four years exhibited evidence of self-regulation and metacognition. Videotaped episodes of children's activities and audiotaped dialogues between children and practitioners about the activities were analysed using an observational framework. The data here show children of three and four displaying extensive evidence of metacognitive and self-regulatory behaviour, with similar mean levels of frequency across both activities and dialogues. However, whilst the majority of evidence from the activities was of metacognitive regulation and skilfulness, that from the dialogues showed more evidence of metacognitive knowledge. It is also suggested that different social contexts may influence children's opportunities to develop and display self-regulation. The use of video data and opportunities for young children to reflect on their activities are suggested as valuable tools for research and pedagogical purposes, and as an effective means of eliciting young children's perspectives on their lives.     

关于元认知在非英语专业学生英语阅读教学中的几点认识

元认知理论为提高非英语专业学生英语阅读能力提供了新视角.在英语教学中,教师应注意让学生的元认知知识全面发展,引导学生将元认知知识运用到实际的阅读活动中去,激发学习动机,提高英语阅读水平.     

The development of a questionnaire on metacognition for students in higher education

Interest in the role of metacognition has been steadily rising in most forms of education. This study focuses on the construction of a questionnaire for measuring metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive regulation and metacognitive responsiveness among students in higher education and the subsequent process of testing to determine its validity.

Purpose

The aim of the study was to construct an original instrument for measuring features of metacognition, henceforth referred to as the Awareness of Independent Learning Inventory (AILI), and further to establish the similarities and differences between this model and existing instruments for measuring metacognition.

Sample

The AILI questionnaire was distributed to 1058 students in various types of Teacher Training Institutes in the Netherlands and Belgium. The abridged English version of the questionnaire was administered to another sample of 729 students reading Economics and Business Administration at the University of Maastricht in the south of the Netherlands.

Design and methods

The AILI instrument was constructed on the basis of a facet design along two dimensions: components of metacognition and topics of concern to students in higher education. The data gathered with the instrument was analyzed by means of a generalisability study and a decision study, respectively. The validity of the instrument was investigated by using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

The generalisability study showed that the reliability of the instrument was satisfactory. The decision study revealed that the number of items included in the questionnaire could be reduced substantially by leaving out two components of one of the dimensions in the facet design, without losing too much generalisability. The validity study showed that there was a considerable level of congruity between parts of the AILI questionnaire and the relevant parts of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ).

Conclusions

The AILI questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring metacognitive knowledge, regulation and responsiveness. It is suitable for use in the evaluation of the effects of interventions that purport to increase metacognitive knowledge, regulation and responsiveness of students in higher education.     

Autogenic training,metacognition and higher education

In French universities, only one out of two students is successful in his/her first year. The change of the working rhythm and the importance of self-regulated learning (relying on metacognition) can to a large extent explain these dramatic rates. Metacognition, as the process of being aware of one’s own cognition and activity implies awareness and consciousness. Nowadays, its improvement has only been achieved through the training of monitoring for a specific task. Regarding awareness, techniques like meditation and relaxation (attentional practices or APs) lead to its general development. Therefore, we investigated the possible improvement of metacognition thanks to AP. We conducted a longitudinal study with two groups of students: one group took a training programme in autogenic training (an AP), and the second one received no training in awareness or metacognition. We found out that metacognition could be improved thanks to an AP. This approach could therefore be used as a global metacognitive remediation for students.     

高校外语教师元认知能力在外语教学中的作用探析

高校外语教师肩负着提升学生外语水平能力的重担。在日常教学中教师进行元认知能力的培养对于提升教师自身能力,加强教师自身教学水平的提高具有不可替代的作用。元认知能力包含元认知知识、元认知体验和元认知监控,这三个方面构成了教师在实际教学工作中的重点。如何把握和创新教师的元认知能力对于改善高校外语教学、革新高校外语教学模式具有较强的实践意义。     

人性灵:教育的人性论——解读涂又光教育思想之人性论

人生而蕴含灵性的潜能,随着人在社会生活中的正常成长、接受教育和自觉努力,灵性的潜能就会在不同人的心里不同程度地发育、生长。人性灵指人拥有丰富、微妙、敏感的精神状态,这体现在四个方面:灵动的意识生成独立的认识和体验,主动的意向形成能动的存在趋向,健全的自我促成自为、生成的生命形态,敞开的灵明引导超越的精神向度。教育应以性灵说为人性论,以发展人性为任务,通过和谐并进、相得益彰地发展人的知情意,促进灵性的充分敞开,促成人的全面发展。     

《文心》作文教学论的启示

文章从《文心》作文教学论述中悟出三点启示：让学生动笔前享有了解作文的知情权,练习时拥有发表思想的自由度,过程中具有建构文本的互动感,为时下的作文教改提供资源。《文心》作文教学论所传导出的相辅相成的“知情权”、“自由度”、“互动感”可用“大”来概括,体现真正完善的自主、合作、探究的学习方式。     

Reflections on the role of metacognition in student reading and learning at higher education level

Abstract

This article represents a literature review and interpretation pertaining to the role that metacognition is seen to play in student performance. It begins by providing evidence from research reported in the literature which indicates that not all students are able to accurately assess their capabilities, and suggests that this lack is linked to insufficiently developed metacognitive skills (MS). The concept of metacognition, as well as its role in academic learning and reading, is discussed. On the basis of evidence from research reported in the literature, which has shown that explicit teaching of metacognitive strategies can result in improved performance among students, the article concludes by suggesting practical ways in which lecturers can help their students develop key MS.