国家创新体系理论的八个基本假定

根据拉卡托斯有关理论体系的理论硬核及其保护带的论述,通过对国家创新体系理论八个基本假定的分析,进一步深化了对国家创新体系理论的认识。本文认为,国家创新体系是一种有关科技知识流动和应用的制度安排;这种流动是通过国家创新体系各组成部分的相互作用而实现的;这种相互作用在本质上是一种学习;国家边界对于这种科技知识的流动是有影响的;国家专有因素直接影响到这种科技知识流动的效率与方向;科技知识流动的效率和方向又直接影响到一国的经济增长实绩;国家创新体系也存在着制度失效问题;不存在国家创新体系的最优模式。     

How national institutions influence technology policies and firms’ knowledge-building strategies: A study of fuel cell innovation across industrialized countries

The central thesis advanced in this study is that firms’ knowledge-building strategies can be usefully explained by the variations in their national institutional contexts. Using an inductive approach, a study of fuel cell innovation across the U.S., France, Japan and Norway demonstrates how countries’ socio-political institutions – characterized by their levels of statism and corporatism – contribute to variations in technology policies pertaining to investment, collaboration, internationalization, and diversity. These technology policies are sources of advantages (and disadvantages) for firms, with implications for their knowledge-building strategies. The proposed theoretical framework is especially relevant in the context of industry emergence and R&D internationalization.     

On studying information seeking methodologically: the implications of connecting metatheory to method

Theory constructs its evidence, and values and faith construct what constitute theory. [Maines, D. R. & Molseed, M. J. (1986). The obsessive discoverer's complex and the ‘discovery’ of growth in sociological theory. American Journal of Sociology, 92(1), 158–163.]To admit that knowledge is intrinsically erroneous is not to imply that we should forego it. [McGuire, W. J. (1986). A perspectivist looks at contextualism and the future of behavioral science. In R. L. Rosnow & M. Georgoudi (Eds.), Contextualism and understanding in behavioral science: implications for research and theory. New York: Praeger, 271–301.]It is not enough for theory to describe and analyze, it must itself be an event in the universe it describes. In order to do this theory must… tear itself from all referents and take pride in the future. Theory must operate on time at the cost of a deliberate distortion of present reality. [Baudrillard, J. (1988). The ecstasy of communication. New York: Semiotext(e).]The purpose I have mandated for this article is to explore the implications of articulating the bridges that are built, usually implicitly, between metatheory and method, and between these and their ultimate interests, the doing of research. The purpose is to articulate the uses of methodology. To chart this as a mandate is to assume, in contradiction to extant wisdom, that: (1) the journey has not yet been fully mapped; and (2) in fact there are multiple and everchanging ways of bridging these gaps with no one agreed upon single set of criteria by which the results can be evaluated. Above these assumptions is a higher level assumption that impels this journey -- that taking an explicitly and self-consciously methodological approach is necessary to the improvement of the enterprise of systematic study.It is the primary purpose of this paper to illustrate by example the statements made above. The argument supporting the statements can be found elsewhere (A longer version of this paper is available which includes arguments regarding inattentions to methodology and a bibliography which includes authors writing on the issue. Readers who wish a copy may contact dervin.1@osu.edu). Suffice it to say here that the statements above rest on the assumption that in the midst of the paradigm battles which mark today's study of humans and their conditions, methodology as a term is highly contested, much abused, and frequently ignored. It is referred to either as method, or as metatheorical critique of the constructing of theory. It is, thus, either collapsed into method or collapsed into metatheory and in either locale it disappears. Rarely, however, is methodology attended to as that branch of metatheory which involves the reflexive analysis and development of methods -- with methods defined broadly as methods of theorizing, observing, data collecting, analyzing, and interpreting. The result is that we lack a vocabulary for talking about methodology, a vocabulary which attends to the philosophic mandate in the term, the way in which it might build a bridge between metatheoy and method, and, thus, make more obvious the impacts of these on research and its theory-constructings.     

管理学习对技术进步的贡献与路径研究

在经济增长和技术进步的研究领域中,技术学习与创新一直是学者们研究的焦点,管理学习与创新作为另一个促进经济增长和技术进步的因子,则很少被学术界讨论。鉴于此,本研究在现有理论基础上,构建了管理学习与技术进步的关系模型,并选取1978-2013年之间的中国宏观层面的经济数据和三家典型企业,运用数理统计方法和多案例研究法,对命题进行了验证。结果显示,管理学习与创新对中国技术进步的贡献达到45%;其微观作用机制包括效率导向、成本导向和技术机会导向三种。     

Innovation regimes, R&D and radical innovations in telecommunications

By introducing the concept of innovation regimes, the aim of this article is to show how the rapid pace of technological development in the telecom sector may be explained by the close links between the sector's own R&D and the creation of numerous innovations, many of which are radical. In contemporary innovation theory, a theoretical antinomy exists: Whereas, the creation of incremental innovations is variously explained in terms of «rational» responses to markets, dynamics of technological regimes, dominant design, etc., radical innovations, in contrast, are explained in terms of serendipity, chance or haphazard scientific discoveries. Evidence from analysis of innovations in the telecom sector suggests that innovation regimes have provided a capability of coordination, direction and leadership in the creation of many of the radical technological innovations that have emerged in the sector. Thus, one may claim that the strong innovation regimes and high R&D intensity of the telecom sector, at least until recently, have provided a capability of creating innovations on purpose — for a purpose. The policy implications of this contradict some of the assumptions on which the prevailing market-oriented R&D governance models and policies are based — and which are supported by contemporary innovation theories.     

Calculating the information content of an information process for a domain expert using Shannon''s mathematical theory of communication: A preliminary analysis

The problem addressed in this article is to use Bertram Brookes' ‘fundamental equation’ as a starting off-point for a conceptual exercise whose purpose is to set out a method for calculating the information content of an information process. The knowledge structure variables in the Brookes' equation are first operationalized, following principles set out in Claude Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. The set of ‘a priori’ alternatives and the a priori probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the variable ‘K[S]’ from the ‘fundamental equation,’ which represent the person's knowledge structure ‘before’ the information process takes place. The set of ‘a posteriori’ alternatives and the revised probabilities assigned to each member of the set by the person undergoing the information process is the operational definition of the Brookes' variable ‘K[S + ΔS],’ which is the person's knowledge structure ‘after’ the information process takes place. To illustrate how the variables can be determined, an example of a information process is used from a recent real-life archeological discovery.     

Field independent probabilistic model for clustering multi-field documents

We propose a new finite mixture model for clustering multiple-field documents, such as scientific literature with distinct fields: title, abstract, keywords, main text and references. This probabilistic model, which we call field independent clustering model (FICM), incorporates the distinct word distributions of each field to integrate the discriminative abilities of each field as well as to select the most suitable component probabilistic model for each field. We evaluated the performance of FICM by applying it to the problem of clustering three-field (title, abstract and MeSH) biomedical documents from TREC 2004 and 2005 Genomics tracks, and two-field (title and abstract) news reports from Reuters-21578. Experimental results showed that FICM outperformed the classical multinomial model and the multivariate Bernoulli model, being at a statistically significant level for all the three collections. These results indicate that FICM outperformed widely-used probabilistic models for document clustering by considering the characteristics of each field. We further showed that the component model, which is consistent with the nature of the corresponding field, achieved a better performance and considering the diversity of model setting also gave a further performance improvement. An extended abstract of parts of the work presented in this paper has appeared in Zhu et al. [Zhu, S., Takigawa, I., Zhang, S., & Mamitsuka, H. (2007). A probabilistic model for clustering text documents with multiple fields. In Proceedings of the 29th European conference on information retrieval, ECIR 2007. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4425, pp. 331–342)].     

Teaching without the teacher? Building a learning environment through computer simulations

This article analyzes the impact of a computer simulation (business game) on the users’ perceived learning. The theoretical model developed in this paper is derived from collaborative learning and human–computer interaction assumptions. The hypotheses relating to group dynamics and the user–computer interface design with the users’ perceived learning are tested using the business game “FirmReality” on a sample of 173 respondents. Multiple regression and qualitative results show that, in a computer-based simulation context, perceived learning is influenced more by human–computer interaction factors than by group dynamics. Furthermore, results point out a negative effect of interaction with the instructor on individual perceived learning. These results support the possibility to automate the interaction between teacher and students.     

组织学习顺序、技术创新与公司绩效——基于双案例的对比分析

技术创新是企业发展的核心动力。但是，技术创新是否会提升公司绩效？目前理论界存在着相悖的观点。基于组织学习顺序视角，采用纵向对比案例研究的方法，分析技术创新过程中不同的组织学习顺序对企业绩效提升的路径。研究结果表明：不同成长阶段的不同组织学习方式均能够促进技术创新对公司绩效的提升作用；但四种组织学习方式在技术创新的过程中扮演着不同的角色，从而对企业绩效产生不同的影响。处于探索阶段和成长阶段的企业，“播种型”的学习顺序可能更具优势；而在快速发展阶段，企业采用“咨询型”和“增强型”的组织学习在技术创新过程对提高公司绩效方面没有太大差异。因此，在企业的发展过程中，应根据处于不同的发展阶段选取不同的组织学习顺序与技术创新相匹配，才能提高企业的绩效。最终，在此基础上建立了技术创新、组织学习顺序对公司绩效影响的理论框架模型。研究结论对丰富组织学习的相关理论以及指导企业科学进行技术创新，从而提高企业绩效具有指导意义。     

图形-背景理论视角下的任务型教学法

任务型教学法主张语言学习者在教室环境下通过使用语言完成指定的任务就可获得语言交际能力,而语法能力语言学习者可以通过自身的自我调控系统内化。换言之,语言的形式和意义在语言学习过程中是分离的。然而,在认知语言学视角下,这个看似鼓舞人心的语言教学法是不可行的。本文从图形-背景理论视角出发,通过分析任务型教学法的三个主要理论假设,就任务型教学法在语言教学或学习实践中的可行性提出质疑。     

The evolution of trust in information technology alliances

As strategic alliances become an increasingly important weapon for companies in achieving a competitive advantage, an important subject of investigation has become those factors that contribute to the success of the alliance. Trust between the alliance partners has been proposed to be one of those critical success factors. The high levels of uncertainty and interdependence that characterizes high technology alliances make trust particularly important in these contexts. Very little is known, however, about the process of trust creation or erosion in strategic alliances. This study addresses this shortcoming in cross-sectional trust research by utilizing a longitudinal survey design to examine the antecedents and outcomes of trust formation between strategic alliance partners. We contrast a transaction cost economics view of trust with a social exchange perspective to more fully explore what may influence changes in the level of trust between partners. Results suggest that the development of trust was not a function of the formal incentive systems that transaction cost economists deem necessary to prevent opportunistic behavior. Conversely, factors from social exchange theory – communication, shared values, and relationship equity – provide a more thorough explanation of what contributes to the development of higher levels of organizational trust. Finally, this study provides evidence that as trust increases between partners, the alliance benefits by displaying higher levels of dependence, higher levels of partner learning, and higher levels of performance.     

Android arete: Toward a virtue ethic for computational agents

Traditional approaches to computer ethics regard computers as tools, andfocus, therefore, on the ethics of their use. Alternatively, computer ethicsmight instead be understood as a study of the ethics of computationalagents, exploring, for example, the different characteristics and behaviorsthat might benefit such an agent in accomplishing its goals. In this paper,I identify a list of characteristics of computational agents that facilitatetheir pursuit of their end, and claim that these characteristics can beunderstood as virtues within a framework of virtue ethics. This frameworkincludes four broad categories – agentive, social, environmental, and moral– each of which can be understood as a spectrum of virtues rangingbetween two extreme subcategories. Although the use of a virtue frameworkis metaphorical rather than literal, I argue that by providing a frameworkfor identifying and critiquing assumptions about what a `good' computer is,a study of android arete provides focus and direction to the developmentof future computational agents.     

企业技术能力提升对技术学习率的动态影响

高效的技术学习率有助于企业维持持续的竞争优势。本文在分析技术能力势能和技术能力势能差对技术学习影响的基础上,应用系统动力学理论构建了技术能力提升对技术学习影响的模型,模型分析了技术能力提升对技术学习的作用过程,并仿真模拟了技术能力提升对技术学习率的动态影响。结果显示企业技术能力增长速度减缓后会对技术学习率产生负向的影响;而选择恰当的时机连续地调整其技术能力势能差,能够使企业高效的技术学习率得到有效地延续和提高。研究成果可为企业如何利用现有的技术能力获得最佳的学习效果提供重要的参考。     

Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study

This paper addresses the question of how technological transitions (TT) come about? Are there particular patterns and mechanisms in transition processes? TT are defined as major, long-term technological changes in the way societal functions are fulfilled. TT do not only involve changes in technology, but also changes in user practices, regulation, industrial networks, infrastructure, and symbolic meaning or culture. This paper practices ‘appreciative theory’ [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Bellknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982] and brings together insights from evolutionary economics and technology studies. This results in a multi-level perspective on TT where two views of the evolution are combined: (i) evolution as a process of variation, selection and retention, (ii) evolution as a process of unfolding and reconfiguration. The perspective is empirically illustrated with a qualitative longitudinal case-study, the transition from sailing ships to steamships, 1780–1900. Three particular mechanisms in TT are described: niche-cumulation, technological add-on and hybridisation, riding along with market growth.     

高校科研经费投入与区域经济增长——基于产学研视角的分析

基于集聚经济理论、结构经济学和新经济增长理论,总结出高校科研经费投入影响经济增长的4条主要渠道:直接渠道、贸易渠道、投资渠道和人口渠道,并建立一个具有新经济增长理论特征的两部门研发创新模型,运用省级面板数据对2002—2013年期间国内高校科研经费投入与经济增长之间的关系进行实证分析。研究发现,高校经费投入对经济增长具有一定程度的促进作用,从东部到中部再到西部地区,这一作用依次递增;对产业结构升级的抑制作用随经济发展水平的提升呈现倒"U"型变化规律;随着时间的推移,对经济增长的带动作用逐步提升,对产业升级的促进作用也逐步显现。     

科技研发投入、科技专利产出与经济增长--基于江苏面板数据的分析

提出科技研发投入、专利产出效率和经济增长实力之间关系的理论模型,通过构建江苏省2001—2014年面板向量自回归(PVAR)模型进行实证检验。研究结果表明:科技研发投入与专利产出效率之间、经济增长实力与专利产出效率之间虽存在相互作用,但其作用呈现非对称性,三者之间还未形成一个良性互动循环。     

What drives the formation of ‘valuable’ university–industry linkages?: Insights from the wine industry

Most of the literature on university–industry (U–I) linkages assumes that these linkages are beneficial per se. We question this assumption, suggesting that not all such linkages are equally helpful. In this paper, we explore the factors driving the formation of ‘valuable U–I linkages’, conceived as those linkages between universities and firms that have a higher potential to diffuse knowledge to other firms in their regional economy. Our empirical strategy combines case-study methodology with econometric techniques using data from two wine clusters in Chile and in Italy. The firm's knowledge base is found to be a key driver of ‘valuable’ U–I linkages. We conclude that selectivity should be encouraged among policy makers endeavouring to promote U–I linkages.     

On physico-chemical states of equilibrium

This paper considers the fundamental assumptions involved in thermodynamic theory concerning states of physico-chemical equilibrium, and considers the possibility of enlarging the assemblage of states by including states outside those of the range of the mass-action law, and also states of supersaturation. Catalysis is introduced as a new factor, and it is found that this makes it possible to enlarge the scope of thermodynamics. This thought is developed and it is shown that a single gaseous phase is thermodynamically analogous to a liquid-vapor system. Clapeyron-Clausius equation is generalized to apply to reactions in the gaseous phase, and it is shown that Van't Hoff's reaction isochore is a special case of the former equation.It is shown how this theory can explain in a simple manner, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and the critical point.     

创业拼凑的多层次诱发机制及影响效应

新企业如何突破资源约束进而获得持续成长？作为国际创业中一个新兴的发展领域,创业拼凑理论从一个全新的视角对这个问题进行了深刻解读。本文在中国转型经济背景下,基于资源基础理论和创业拼凑理论,将个人层面的魅力型领导、企业层面的战略柔性、网络层面的关系学习纳入研究视野,构建了创业拼凑的多层次诱发机制及其影响效应的理论模型,并基于5家新企业案例分析对理论模型提供了现实性支撑。研究发现,魅力型领导、战略柔性、关系学习都对创业拼凑具有显著正向影响;创业拼凑对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;不确定环境下魅力型领导、战略柔性、关系学习会进一步诱发新企业采取创业拼凑战略;知识基础在创业拼凑和绩效之间发挥正向调节效应。这些发现对我国转型期间新企业的健康成长具有理论和现实意义。