实践转向的科学论证教学:国际研究新进展

随着结构式论证教学中出现的问题、困境,以及美国科学教育课程文件《K-12框架》的颁布,研究者开始强调实践转向的科学论证教学.新的研究将教学本质视为认识论实践,提出融合式教学模式,产生了更加多元的教学结果.它反映了如下的趋势和特点:一是更加关注将实践认识论作为教学干预的评估目标;二是越来越多的学者试图从社会文化的视角理解学生在论证中的学习和发展;三是深入探究教师的教学实施.科学论证对于学生科学素养的整合发展具有重要的教育价值.     

课程史学研究新理路:基于波克维茨“社会认识论”的建构

课程史学研究在课程理论与实践中具有重要学术价值。美国教育学家波克维茨的社会认识论将历史化和问题化引入课程史研究,开辟出课程史学研究的新理路。社会认识论强调知识内嵌社会性并与权力融合共生,它是一种研究方法论,关注理性系统。社会认识论将学校教育知识视为一种与权力有关的社会实践,从社会学的角度反思当前课程理论和实践中各种话语的历史形成过程,并剖析背后的权力运作。以社会认识论为基础,课程史学研究新理路涵盖了五个逻辑转向:从主权权力观转向生产性权力观的核心理念、从主体中心化转向主体去中心化的关键焦点、从地理空间转向文化场域的限定视角、从线性进步转向间断变革的历史时间观、从编年史转向当下历史的研究范式。新理路揭示了历史的织造特性,填补了传统批判教育研究的不足,审思了课程改革研究,界定了课程史研究者的新角色。     

教学认识论研究:进展、问题与前瞻

教学认识论源于20世纪80年代教学本质的研究。"教学认识论"坚持教学活动本质上是一种特殊的认识活动,其研究还涉及诸如教学认识客体与主体、教学认识领导、教学认识方式、教学认识检验等问题。随着新课程改革的强力推进,课程与教学改革认识论、学科教学认识论以及教学认识论理论基础问题备受关切。30余年来,教学认识论研究成就引人注目...     

论科学的自主性——迈向历史认识论

受实证主义科学观的影响,科学研究的过程一直以来被视为寻求对自然的摹写过程,这一过程的发展方向为自然本身所决定。经过社会建构主义与科学实践哲学的冲击,当代历史认识论的研究以法国认识论为基础,将科学的发展过程视为历史演化的具有相对自主性的发展模式。科学的演化主要依赖于历史积累的力量结构,这使得科学的演化具有了真正意义上的自主性。     

认识论信教育心理学研究的新课题念

认识论信念是学生对知识的本质以及知识的获得所持有的观念。目前研究的领域主要涉及认识论信念的纬度、认识论信念与认知和学习的关系、认识论信念的发展以及如何通过教育干预转变学生的认识论信念等。这些研究呈现出方法的多样性、概念的扩展性、被试的广泛性等特点。在未来的研究中应该进一步探讨儿童认识论信念的发展及其影响因素;加强认识论信念对学习和认知影响的深层机制的探讨;进行认识论信念各纬度之间关系的研究;并开展对教师认识论信念的研究。     

基于社会维度的认识论探赜--近30年来国内社会认识论研究综述

近30年来,国内关于社会认识论的研究主要包括社会认识论的概念界定、研究对象、研究方法、研究价值、研究意义以及对西方社会认识论研究的推介等六个方面,研究缺憾则表现为应用性不强、开拓性不足、合作性有限等。今后要加大社会认识论研究的多元化路径选择;加强学科队伍建设,理论与实践并举并重;进一步加强国内外学者的学术合作与交流,以便有效推进社会认识论的研究工作。     

从认识论的现代转向看《哲学概论》的问题转换与课程改革

回答"哲学是什么?"历来被视为<哲学概论>课的核心任务,但这个知识论的任务设定却因为单一"知识"性的结果追问而在实际教学中流于一种对所谓哲学本质的教条性描述,并因此而放运了哲学本身.而认识论从"知识"到"理解"的现代转向,则蕴合了"哲学何以是?"这个过程性追问作为<哲学概论>核心任务的应然性,进而为<哲学概论>的课程改革指明了方向.     

高中生认识论信念及其与创造力倾向的关系研究

本研究以483名高中阶段的学生为被试,通过量表测查,考察了不同类型学校、不同年级和性别的高中生认识论信念的现状,以及认识论信念与学生的创造力倾向的关系。结果显示:(1)高中阶段学生的认识论在"整合-建构信念"和"离散-接受信念"方面存在显著的学校类型和年级差异;在"离散-接受信念"方面,女生的认识水平明显比男生更成熟;(2)高中阶段学生的认识论信念与创造力倾向呈显著正相关。认识论信念的"整合-建构信念"和"离散-接受信念"均对创造力倾向产生直接影响;(3)学校、年级、性别等因素对学生的创造力倾向既具有直接影响,也可以通过认识论信念对创造力倾向产生间接影响。     

重新理解教学认识论

在教学改革中,教学认识论不断遭遇批评与指责,但这些批评与指责并未从根本上否定、推翻教学认识论,只是对教学认识论所具有的内在张力——社会认识与个体认识、教师认识与学生认识、教学事实认识与教学价值认识之间提出了另一种化解策略。因此,教学认识论的未来拓展需要在新的价值坐标中,权衡社会认识与个体认识;在交互认识论中,定位教师认识与学生认识;在事实与价值融合中,洞悉教学认识演变的发展趋势。     

高等教育发展的知识解读

在以往与知识和社会的相互关系中,高等教育扮演着传授知识给社会的角色,有着自己的知识定义,知识的主旨是对学术的追问。然而到了当今社会,社会的旨趣已不仅仅是对学术的观照,人们日益把在劳动力市场中具有使用价值的操作知识置于优先考虑的地位,高等教育越来越被视为经济的产物,导致在对高等教育的描述和对学生质量的诉求上,直觉、理解、反思、智慧和批判被淡化了,高等教育的发展呈现出关注规划、数量、收入、产出、绩效、产品的提供能力,以及社会的贡献率的发展取向。为超越这一取向,有必要从知识认识论重新转向的角度探讨高等教育未来发展的走向。     

Aretaic pedagogy: how we can transform the aesthetics of good teaching

Abstract

The article aims to introduce the epistemology of aretaic pedagogy as a refreshing paradigm of good teaching, situating at its centrality, instead of a knowledge-based perspective, a virtue-based approach to education. Its origins are in Aristotelian virtue ethics, which premise the acquisition of intellectual and ethical virtues as the highest good of the good life. Aretaic pedagogy is therefore constructed on the basis of the theory of virtue development and deliberates teaching as an ethical, virtue-driven practice. Its epistemological framework depends largely on three components: the notion of teaching as a practice, the embodiment of internal goods in teaching/learning and the harnessing of students’ private knowledge. Dialogue, beauty and play are proposed as the main internal goods within the students’ learning, which can act as key sources of their practice of virtues. As concerns a teacher’s pedagogical presence, it is argued from a dual professional prospect: the technological and the ethical. Therefore, a teacher is called to exercise a nexus of epistemic, technical, poetic and ethical virtues.     

Conceptualizing a teaching experience on the development of the idea of evolution: An epistemological approach to the education of science teachers

This article describes and discusses an epistemological approach to the education of science teachers that emphasizes similarities in knowledge and modes of acquiring it among children, scientists in their historical contexts, and student teachers. Advanced courses in science-teacher education aim to go beyond the attainment of scientific knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge toward the building of a guiding theory of action for teaching. This theory needs to be rooted in a broad understanding of what science is about, what is regarded as scientific knowledge, and how it is generated and evolves. These questions are of an epistemological nature. At the same time, theories of action for teaching science are also connected with questions on individual ways of learning and of acquiring meaning. Such questions are often answered by both cognitive and developmental psychologists. Even here epistemological consideration are essential. Constructivist epistemology, which describes the process of constructing knowledge both in individuals and among scientists, can serve as a basis for generating such a guiding pedagogical theory of teaching. Educating science teachers in the light of radical versions of constructivism can enhance this process. This article describes in detail a course entitled “The Growth of Thinking on Evolution,” which was taught to third-year student teachers and which illustrates the approach and discusses the rationale behind it.     

教学认识论研究现状与反思——教学基本理论问题研究之三

教学认识是在马克思主义认识论指导下,通过对教学活动本质的抽象概括和丰富具体而获得的一个基本范畴,其发展经历了观点争鸣期、理论建构期、反思拓展期和理论重构期四个阶段。教学认识主要以哲学、心理学和系统论为理论基础,对教学认识的研究对象、教学本质、教学认识方式以及主客体关系进行了系统研究。从研究现状来看,教学认识论的研究虽然比较成熟,但也存在对教学认识论的再认识、主客体再认识以及对教学认识论的误解等问题,亟待进一步深入研究。     

确证还是可靠——知识论视域下科学知识问题再思

知识的确证进路诉诸“指导-道义论”的内在主义原则,将知识视为具有内在可及性证据的真信念,然而该理论无法应对记忆问题和证言知识的挑战,因此被可靠主义知识论取代。可靠主义的知识论以可靠性为出发点,建立了一种外在主义和后果主义的知识理论,使认知主体成为知识论研究的重心,成功区分了知识和真信念,将价值问题引入了知识论研究中。知识论中的可靠主义转向可以为科学哲学的研究提供借鉴,科学实践哲学和科学的社会-文化研究的流行,都蕴含着科学哲学研究的可靠主义转向。这一转向有助于科学哲学回归实践和日常生活。     

Personal Epistemology Research: Implications for Learning and Teaching

The ideas that individuals hold about knowledge and knowing have been the target of research programs with disparate names, such as epistemological beliefs, reflective judgment, ways of knowing, and epistemological reflection, all of which appear to be a part of a larger body of work on “personal epistemology.” Epistemological perspectives are salient in numerous academic experiences, have been shown to be related to learning in various ways, influence reasoning and judgment throughout our lives, and have implications for teaching. Yet this work has remained outside the mainstream of educational psychology and cognitive development. This paper addresses three main questions: (1) What is personal epistemology research and how is it conceptualized? (2) How are individuals' conceptions of epistemology related to learning and instruction? (3) Given what we know about personal epistemology, what might educators do? Suggestions are also provided for future research and theoretical development.     

现有认识论内容评价和改革趋势

现有认识论内容存在较多的问题，形成问题的原因是多方面的。哲学认识论的内容必须改革。认识论的发展不只是认识的纯粹的发展，其实质是人的全面发展，是使人成为真正意义上的主体和社会的真正主人，认识论是唯物史观内容中的重要组成部分，要把学习问题作为哲学认识论的研究对象，要突出认识的主体性，要把认识论与人的发展、群众史观内在联系起来，要突出人的自我改造，使自身成为真正的主体。     

Reinforcing Experiential Learning in Criminology: Definitions,Rationales, and Missed Opportunities Concerning Prison Tours in the United States

Carceral tours remain a controversial aspect of pedagogy and curricula in criminology and criminal justice. In recent years, critics have questioned the pedagogical and ethical validity of conducting prison tours. In response, we clarify definitional ambiguities and provided a rationale for carceral tours that occur within the United States. Here, pedagogical justification for prison tours is based on the work of Lev Vygotsky which is subsumed under the broader paradigm of experiential education. Criticisms leveled at prison tours are described as missed opportunities; with experiential learning examined in terms of the epistemology of criminological expertise, the concept of impression management (i.e. Goffman), and the notion of the penal gaze. The efficacy of pedagogical tours is discussed with reference to the role of active and innovative teaching methods in criminology and criminal justice.     

The activation of epistemological resources in epistemic communities: District educators’ professional learning as policy enactment

This article argues that professional learning can be understood as a form of policy enactment, characterized by the activation of particular ‘epistemological’ resources within specific communities of shared understanding (‘epistemic communities’). In making this case, we draw upon insights from district officials responsible for enacting a provincial assessment policy in Ontario, Canada. Our research suggests these senior educators' learning about assessment reform, particularly their strong advocacy for teacher learning for assessment reform, were epistemological resources developed within the specific, effective epistemic communities of which they had been a part, over time. Policy enactment is heavily influenced by student-centered school/cross-school/system communities.     

A Sociologist Teaches History: Some Epistemological and Pedagogical Reflections

This article discusses the concept of historical sociology in relation to the teaching of a module on an undergraduate degree in Education Studies at a university in the United Kingdom. The module examines the history of education policy in England from 1870 until the present day. Drawing upon comparisons with Social Foundations of Education programs in the United States, I examine some key epistemological and pedagogical issues raised by the interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning followed within the module in which we combine historical and sociological perspectives as a means to understand the evolution of the English education system. In particular, using Bernstein's concept of the pedagogic device as an analytical framework, I consider the epistemological congruence of sociology and history as the contributory disciplines of the undergraduate module. From a discussion of the concept of historical sociology, I conclude that although sociology and history are distinct subjects, they share a large amount of analytical ground that thus facilitates the interdisciplinary approach pursued within the module. Following that, I examine some pedagogical issues that have arisen in my experience of teaching upon the module and I discuss how I have addressed these. I conclude the article by making comparisons to relevant examples from pedagogical practices in Social Foundations of Education programs in the United States.     

How epistemic reflexivity enables teacher educators’ teaching for diversity: Exploring a pedagogical framework for critical thinking

Recent research points to the importance of teacher educators teaching for diversity in initial teacher education programmes. Teaching for diversity is an approach to teacher education in which an understanding of specialist literature and a focus on critical thinking supports a social justice agenda as opposed to merely using different tips and tricks to prepare future teachers for teaching diverse learners in the classroom. In this study, we explored how Australian and New Zealand teacher educators negotiated a social justice agenda in teacher education programmes, using a new transdisciplinary framework of epistemic reflexivity. The Epistemic Reflexivity for Teacher Education (ER-TED) framework draws on epistemic cognition (Clark Chinn’s Aims, Ideals, Reliable epistemic processes – AIR – framework) and Margaret Archer’s reflexivity to explore knowledge claims in teacher educators’ pedagogical decision-making. The findings identified how teacher educators in our study discerned and deliberated with respect to epistemic aims for justification, which involve transformative critical thinking and critical thinking for self. They reported good knowledge (ideals) as being scholarly in nature, and reliable epistemic processes based on higher-order thinking (analysis and evaluating competing ideas) or engaging with multiple perspectives. The teacher educators in our study are clear examples of how strong overall evaluative epistemic stances enable teaching for social justice. We argue that the ER-TED framework can help us as a profession to address teaching for diversity in teacher education programmes based on the belief that the pursuit of social justice requires an evaluativist epistemic stance.