A bug's life: change and transformation in early modern China

Chanting wasps and shape-shifting worms were all in a day's work for sixteenth-century Chinese naturalists such as Li Shizhen (1518-1593). In an effort to understand the metamorphoses of both nature and the human body, he and other early modern Chinese scholars looked towards tiny creatures like roundworms, lice and demon bugs. For them, such animals could reveal the most intimate secrets of the universe.     

Trusting the trust machine: Evaluating trust signals of blockchain applications

Information systems research emphasizes that blockchain requires trust in the technology itself. However, we lack knowledge on the applicability of established trust cues to blockchain technology. Thus, this paper’s objective is to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of several established IS trust formation factors on end user trust. We do so by conducting a between-groups experiment. While we can validate the applicability of previous IS trust research for blockchain technology to some extent, we find that trust signals emphasizing the technology’s underlying trust-building characteristics are most effective. Hence, we highlight the need for contextualization of trust research on blockchain technology. We provide both researchers and practitioners with insights for building trustworthy blockchain applications that enable trust-less interactions not only in theory but in practice.     

新时代城市空间结构变革与转型

城市空间结构是城市可持续发展治理及规划的重要抓手。如何科学认识新时期城市空间结构是深化城市认知并进行人与自然和谐调控的基础。文章简要回顾传统城市空间结构理论的时代背景,通过对新时期技术革命、政策和社会经济环境的分析,指出城市空间结构在组织原则、组织方式、优化目标及要素成分方面的变革性转向,阐明传统理论用于解释新时代城市治理的局限性。提出从人地地域系统理论出发重构城市空间结构研究范式、重新认识城市空间结构载体空间、强化城市空间结构关系解析,以及革新城市空间结构测度体系等新时代认识路径。未来应对城市空间结构认知方面挑战的关键举措,即重构城市空间结构理论、集成城市空间结构解析关键技术、融合应用多源数据、建设城市空间结构优化调控的数字孪生平台。     

Against the moral Turing test: accountable design and the moral reasoning of autonomous systems

This paper argues against the moral Turing test (MTT) as a framework for evaluating the moral performance of autonomous systems. Though the term has been carefully introduced, considered, and cautioned about in previous discussions (Allen et al. in J Exp Theor Artif Intell 12(3):251–261, 2000; Allen and Wallach 2009), it has lingered on as a touchstone for developing computational approaches to moral reasoning (Gerdes and Øhrstrøm in J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 13(2):98–109, 2015). While these efforts have not led to the detailed development of an MTT, they nonetheless retain the idea to discuss what kinds of action and reasoning should be demanded of autonomous systems. We explore the flawed basis of an MTT in imitation, even one based on scenarios of morally accountable actions. MTT-based evaluations are vulnerable to deception, inadequate reasoning, and inferior moral performance vis a vis a system’s capabilities. We propose verification—which demands the design of transparent, accountable processes of reasoning that reliably prefigure the performance of autonomous systems—serves as a superior framework for both designer and system alike. As autonomous social robots in particular take on an increasing range of critical roles within society, we conclude that verification offers an essential, albeit challenging, moral measure of their design and performance.     

服务企业顾客信任及其驱动因素探析

顾客信任是企业成功开展关系营销的关键。在深入分析顾客信任内涵的基础上,探讨了影响顾客信任的直接因素和间接因素,并提出了在当前信任消费经济背景下的服务企业开展信任营销的具体对策,旨在为服务企业提供具有指导意义的借鉴。     

高速成长企业的内部信任发展及其与控制的关系

企业的成长往往伴随着组织规模的扩张,而组织规模的急剧扩张会导致组织内部信任的稀释。为弥补与组织规模扩张相伴随的信任的不足,组织会试图加强各种正式制度的控制,而各种正式控制的增加又往往导致更严重的不信任状态,这是一种组织成长的信任悖论。本文利用心理学、社会学和经济学的研究成果,对信任的概念进行了辨析,剖析了关于信任建立的几种不同理论,在此基础上,对组织内信任与控制的关系进行分析,认为信任与控制既存在着替代关系,也存在着互补关系,并进而提出了一个组织内信任关系发展的动态模型。     

The impact of consumer trust on attitudinal loyalty and purchase intentions in B2C e-marketplaces: Intermediary trust vs. seller trust

The online merchant of an e-marketplace consists of an intermediary, providing the market infrastructure, and the community of sellers conducting business within that infrastructure. Typically, consumers willingly buy from unknown sellers within an e-marketplace, despite the apparent risk, since they trust the institutional mechanisms furnished by the relatively well-known intermediary. Consumers’ trust in one component of the e-marketplace merchant may not only affect their trust in the other, but also influence the way consumers make online purchases. This paper explores the impact of trust on consumer behavior in e-marketplaces. An empirical study has been conducted to accomplish our research objectives, using a questionnaire survey of 222 active e-marketplace shoppers in Korea. The results reveal that consumer trust in an intermediary has a strong influence upon both attitudinal loyalty and purchase intentions, although consumer trust in the community of sellers has no significant effect on the two constructs representing consumer behavior. In addition, it was found that trust is transferred from an intermediary to the community of sellers, implying that the trustworthiness of the intermediary plays a critical role in determining the extent to which consumers trust and accept the sellers in the e-marketplace. This paper offers some implications from the findings of the research.     

信任视角下学术出版中同行评审的信任危机及其应对策略

【目的】 从系统论视角出发,分析学术出版过程中出现的信任危机,提出应对危机的策略,从理论和技术上提高同行评审工作质量,提升同行评审的信任度。【方法】 以文献调查和案例分析为主要方法,综述已有的关于同行评审现状和问题研究以及信任危机的相关理论,结合案例,从社会、经济、文化等不同角度剖析同行评审体系存在信任危机的原因,最后针对同行评审体系的问题和各方面原因,结合目前国内外的创新尝试,提出应对策略。【结果】 社会转型时期,同行评审主体之间缺乏完全信任,传媒影响加剧了同行评审参与主体之间的信任危机,同行评审客观性与审稿人主观性之间矛盾不可调和使同行评审信任危机无法消除。【结论】 通过设立同行评审内部的监督机制、重视传媒影响、完善网络同行评审系统平台,巩固同行评审信任,促进学术出版的长远发展。     

In knowledge we trust: Learning-by-interacting and the productivity of inventors

Innovation rarely happens through the actions of a single person. Innovators source ideas while interacting with peers at different levels and intensities. With a dataset of disambiguated inventors from 1980 to 2010 in European metropolitan areas, we assess the influence of their interactions with co-workers, organizations’ colleagues, and geographically co-located peers on their productivity. By adding many fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity, we uncover the importance of metropolitan areas knowledge for inventors’ productivity, with firms and co-workers’ network knowledge being less relevant. When the complexity and quality of knowledge are accounted for, the picture changes: proximate, social interactions become central.     

企业制造过程与商业模式双重数字化转型研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

数字化转型是数字经济背景下企业高质量发展的必然趋势。研究尝试基于"技术-市场"耦合框架,将数字化转型分为制造过程数字化和商业模式数字化,弥补以往技术研究单一视角的不足。本文收集了527家企业数字化转型情况数据,采用逐层回归模型检验数字化转型战略更新对企业发展的影响,并探讨了变革敏捷性和技术嵌入适应能力这两个组织权变因素在数字化转型实施过程中的作用。研究结果表明:商业模式数字化对企业财务绩效具有促进作用,且组织变革敏捷性会加强这种促进作用,但技术嵌入适应性对两者关系没有起到调节作用;制造过程数字化对企业财务绩效具有推动作用,同时技术嵌入适应性增强了这种关系,但组织变革敏捷性会减弱这种促进作用。本文依据上述结论针对企业不同的状态提出相应的数字化转型策略,对理论研究和管理实践具有一定的启示意义。     

Management knowledge and knowledge management: realism and forms of truth

Knowledge Management Research & Practice - This paper addresses the issue of truth and knowledge in management generally and knowledge management in particular. Based on ideas from critical...     

Technical change and the industrial district: The role of interfirm relations in the growth and transformation of ceramic tile production in Italy

This paper considers two aspects of technical change in the ceramic tile industry in Italy: firstly, the process of invention, adoption and diffusion of new techniques in the industry; secondly, the impact of forces of a technical nature in shaping the industrial structure.The process of technical change is examined in the light of the interrelationships between firms and their proximity. These are crucial elements characterizing an “industrial district”, whose boundaries go beyond the industry defined on a product basis. The industrial district is adopted as unit of analysis of the process of technical change. Moreover, economic, social and institutional features are considered. In this context the historical developments of new techniques are discussed in terms of the constraints to the established position of the firm at a particular time.Among the determinants of the ceramic tile industrial structure, economies of scale have had a minor role. The pattern of vertical disintegration we observe in the industry is - instead - closely related to the technical developments in the industry through the effects of technical change on the product and process specialization of the production units operating in the industrial district.     

真与善的协调:爱因斯坦的榜样

当今世界几乎每个人都在倾听科学技术前进的脚步声.然而却有两种极端的回应,一部分人欢呼,而另一部分人诅咒.有些欢呼者似乎把科学技术看作了"菩萨",而有些诅咒者又好象把科学技术视为"魔鬼".有些人担心科学会在一片欢呼声中失落,而有些人又为科学无限制的发展忧虑.对待科学的这两种截然相反的态度,根源于科学是否带给人类幸福问题上的分歧.因为有一种伦理学的"善"的概念是由幸福定义的,所以深入的理论讨论必然要追溯到真与善的关系.也就是说.科学与幸福的问题可以转换为科学理性与道德理想的关系问题进行讨论.     

The local impact of global climate change: reporting on landscape transformation and threatened identity in the English regional newspaper press

This paper contributes to extant understandings of media representations of climate change by examining the role of the English regional newspaper press in the transformation and dissemination of climate change discourse. Unlike previous accounts, this paper contends that such newspapers shape public understandings of climate change in ways that have yet to be adequately charted. With this in mind, this paper examines the ways in which global climate change is translated into a locally relevant phenomenon. That is, it focuses on its "domestication." Although we acknowledge that there are a number of ways in which this process occurs, specific attention is drawn to stories that highlight the destruction of local landscape features, the transformation of important habitats, and the arrival of "alien" species. The broader significance of such stories is considered in relation to long-standing debates concerning the importance of landscape to notions of national and regional identity.     

企业高端化转型升级中提升技术变迁能力的影响因素研究

技术变迁能力的提升对企业高端化转型升级具有重要推动作用。本文构建了在企业高端化转型升级过程中提升技术变迁能力的SROE分析模型,采用因果树分析法找出提升技术变迁能力的影响因素并从静态角度进行定性分析得出关键影响因素。构建影响因素的系统动力学(SD)仿真模型,从动态角度对其进行弹性分析与灵敏度分析并观察关键影响因素对提升技术变迁能力的作用效果。结果表明：各因素对技术变迁能力的提升均有正向促进作用,但影响程度不同。技术改进能力、R&D经费投入、城市化水平、团队协作等因素较其他因素来说重要程度高且对技术变迁能力的提升作用最为显著。短时期内,各因素内对技术变迁能力的提升作用具有一定的滞后性。     

科学活动中真与善的价值融合

真与善是科学的两种固有属性。在科学活动中,要将真与善两种价值融合起来。科学活动中真与善的融合就是科学文化和人文文化的融合,科学文化追求真理,人文文化追求终极关怀。在实现两者融合的过程中,我们要加强科技工作者的道德意识,完善科技伦理规范,加强科技立法。     

The categorical imperative and the ethics of trust

Trust can be understood as a precondition for a well-functioning society or as a way to handle complexities of living in a risk society, but also as a fundamental aspect of human morality. Interactions on the Internet pose some new challenges to issues of trust, especially connected to disembodiedness. Mistrust may be an important obstacle to Internet use, which is problematic as the Internet becomes a significant arena for political, social and commercial activities necessary for full participation in a liberal democracy. The Categorical Imperative lifts up trust as a fundamental component of human ethical virtues – first of all, because deception and coercion, the antitheses of trust, cannot be universalized. Mistrust is, according to Kant, a natural component of human nature, as we are social beings dependent on recognition by others but also prone to deceiving others. Only in true friendships can this tendency be overcome and give room for unconditional trust. Still we can argue that Kant must hold that trustworthy behaviour as well as trust in others is obligatory, as expressions of respect for humanity. The Kantian approach integrates political and ethical aspects of trust, showing that protecting the external activities of citizens is required in order to act morally. This means that security measures, combined with specific regulations are important preconditions for building online trust, providing an environment enabling people to act morally and for trust-based relationships.