CLOCKSS—It Takes a Community

CLOCKSS (Controlled Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) is a community-wide endeavor built upon the widely used LOCKSS system. CLOCKSS is working to guarantee long-term access to digital materials regardless of ability to pay. Two lively sessions led by Victoria Reich, Director of the LOCKSS Program at Stanford University Libraries, were packed to capacity. Librarian and publisher participants in CLOCKSS are implementing a shared solution to one of the most significant challenges of the digital era.     

数字资源长期保存中的图像格式选择分析

认为数字资源长期保存的目标是真实性、永久性、有效性和安全性,探讨其图像格式的选择要求,并对其生产、保存和利用等三个不同阶段的图像格式的特殊要求进行分析。     

LOCKSS还是Portico——谈图书馆电子资源的长期保存

目前国际上有多种比较成熟的网络电子资源长期保存模式,其中比较有影响力的是LOCKSS和Portico模式。通过对LOCKSS和Portico的组成模式、运作方式、工作原理、可靠性和费用等方面的对比分析,可以明确二者的优势和适用范围,并从中吸取经验,为我国图书馆电子资源长期保存模式的研究和实践提供参考。     

What Slavic Scholars Need to Know about Archiving Digital Materials in Institutional Repositories

ABSTRACT. Institutional repositories (IRs) provide storage and access to digitally produced scholarship. In order to improve storage and access to these materials, it is important for the creators to describe the contents adequately. Following generally accepted best practices in terms of file formats is encouraged, as is providing basic metadata about the content of the items. Some of the benefits of utilizing IRs include the provision of unique identifiers for digital projects and files, institutional commitment to preserving the files, and increased access through metadata protocols. Collaboration between creators and librarians is encouraged to ensure that standards are followed when appropriate, and that metadata is of the highest quality to ensure good preservation and access to the content.     

Sources of Conservation Information for the Librarian

Library collections contain items that will be required by readers in the future. These materials, all of which present difficult preservation problems, are found in formats as varied as papyrus and computer tape. Only recently have we come to realize that the deterioration of these resources is a significant threat. This article considers the literature on library and archives conservation and suggests some points of departure for librarians beginning a journey into the area of library preservation.     

Can You Be a PESCaterian Among the Fort Worth Stockyards?

Yes you can, but you don’t have to eat only fish! All you have to do is follow the progress of the Protocol for Exchanging Serial Content (PESC) Working Group. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) charged this group with delivering a recommended practice that will improve the interactions among libraries, archives, indexing services, content aggregators, publishers, and content creators, all needing to exchange serial data and work with digital files of serials. It will help them process a wide range of files that may be text based, image based, text with images, or some other combination, coded in a variety of file formats such as XML, EPUB, HTML, PDF, or ONIX. Laurie Kaplan discussed the PESC Working Group’s approach to this challenge.     

数字保存问题研究

阐述了美国国会图书馆近期数字保存的相关进展。介绍了数字保存的几种相关战略，同时指出，由Lorie研究的“通风虚拟计算机”可能会成为保存数字信息资源更好的解决办法。     

Life Cycle Management Considerations of Remotely Sensed Geospatial Data and Documentation for Long Term Preservation

As geospatial missions age, one of the challenges for the usability of data is the availability of relevant and updated metadata with sufficient documentation that can be used by future generations of users to gain knowledge from the original data. Given that remote sensing data undergo many intermediate processing steps, for example, an understanding of the exact algorithms employed and the quality of that data produced could be key considerations for these users. As interest in global climate data is increasing, documentation about older data, their origins, and their provenance are valuable to first-time users attempting to perform historical climate research or comparative analysis of global change. Incomplete or missing documentation could be what stands in the way of a new researcher attempting to use the data. Therefore, preservation of documentation and related metadata is sometimes just as critical as the preservation of the original observational data. The Goddard Earth Sciences–Data and Information Service Center (GES DISC), a NASA Earth science Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) that falls under the management structure of the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS), is actively pursuing the preservation of all necessary artifacts needed by future users.

In this article, we will detail the data custodial planning and the data lifecycle process developed for content preservation, and our implementation of a Preservation System to safeguard documents and associated artifacts from legacy (older) missions, as well as detail lessons learned regarding access rights and confidentiality of information issues. We also elaborate on key points that made our preservation effort successful; the primary points being drafting of a governing baseline for historical data preservation from satellite missions and using the historical baseline as a guide to content filtering of what documents to preserve. The Preservation System currently archives documentation content for High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) mission data, and the 1960s era Nimbus mission. Documentation from other missions like the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and the Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder (AIRS) are also slated to be added to this repository, as well as other mission datasets to be preserved at the GES DISC.     

Braille preservation: recognising and respecting archival materials produced by and for the blind

There is a noticeable gap in the archival literature concerning the preservation of braille and other tactile print formats that, since the eighteenth century, have been produced by and for blind and visually impaired persons. Based on the insights gained from interviews with information professionals and additional research conducted by the author into the historical usage and production of braille, this paper aims to highlight factors that may affect the preservation and accessibility of braille in archives. While this article will not generate specific preservation guidelines, policies and procedures for braille – measures to be created in a future study – the purpose of this article is to draw an initial awareness to the issues that influence the preservation of and access to these archival records.     

Bringing Content into the Picture: Proposing a Tri-Partite Model for Digital Preservation

Digital preservation is a complex field that is rapidly maturing and increasingly focusing on content as well as the human element of digital preservation. This conceptual article examines a number of digital preservation models meeting a variety of needs created by different communities. Given the guidance these models have afforded digital preservation, considering the present, and looking to the future, this article proposes a tri-partite model for thinking about digital preservation in an era of robust community involvement: the Digital Preservation Triad. The Triad focuses on 1) Management, including elements relating to documentation and human resources; 2) Technology; and 3) Content.     

Information Retrieval from Documents: A Survey

Given the phenomenal growth in the variety and quantity of data available to users through electronic media, there is a great demand for efficient and effective ways to organize and search through all this information. Besides speech, our principal means of communication is through visual media, and in particular, through documents. In this paper, we provide an update on Doermann's comprehensive survey (1998) of research results in the broad area of document-based information retrieval. The scope of this survey is also somewhat broader, and there is a greater emphasis on relating document image analysis methods to conventional IR methods.Documents are available in a wide variety of formats. Technical papers are often available as ASCII files of clean, correct, text. Other documents may only be available as hardcopies. These documents have to be scanned and stored as images so that they may be processed by a computer. The textual content of these documents may also be extracted and recognized using OCR methods. Our survey covers the broad spectrum of methods that are required to handle different formats like text and images. The core of the paper focuses on methods that manipulate document images directly, and perform various information processing tasks such as retrieval, categorization, and summarization, without attempting to completely recognize the textual content of the document. We start, however, with a brief overview of traditional IR techniques that operate on clean text. We also discuss research dealing with text that is generated by running OCR on document images. Finally, we also briefly touch on the related problem of content-based image retrieval.     

英国数字保存奖及其对我国的启示

[目的/意义]通过分析英国数字保存奖的发展历程以及梳理获奖项目的主题,为我国数字保存事业提供参考和借鉴。[方法/过程] 通过应用网络调查和文献调查等方法,对数字保存奖的发展历程、颁奖情况、奖项设置和数字保存奖的5个主要议题进行梳理、归纳和总结。[结果/结论]英国数字保存奖的发展和获奖案例对我国数字保存事业的发展主要有4个方面的启示：①开展数字保存研究,培养数字保存人才;②全面保护数字资源,维护数字记忆的完整性;③成立相关学会,提高数字保存社会意识;④参考借鉴数字保存的先进研究成果,加强数字保存共享与合作。     

LOCKSS:图书馆数字资源长期保存的新机制

LOCKSS(Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe,多备份资源保存)项目提供了数字资源长期保存的新机制,可广泛地运用于电子期刊的永久保存与利用。电子期刊内容在获得授权后可自动选择并保存在本地计算机“缓存”中,从而解决了图书馆与数字资源供应商对数字资源利用和保存的所各自承担的权利和义务。     

LOCKSS数字资源长期保存策略

介绍了斯坦福大学图书馆发起的数字资源持久保存研究项目——LOCKSS系统，讨论了LOCKSS项目的体系结构、系统运行原理、系统技术概况和合作机制等。     

LOCKSS数字资源长期保存策略及其应用初探

通过对美国斯坦福大学发起的数字资源长期保存计划——LOCKSS项目系统架构进行介绍和分析，探讨了LOCKSS对图书馆数字资源保存所带来的影响，以及如何建立LOCKSS馆藏，以期对我国在这方面的研究和应用起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

The Digital Library of Slovenia (dLib.si)

The article discusses the ambitious Web site and project Digitalna knji?nica Slovenije [Digital Library of Slovenia]. It encompasses periodicals, books, photographs, music scores, posters, maps, and sound recordings. Its stated goal is to provide both global access to, and long‐term digital archival preservation of, Slovenia's national heritage. The availability in the DLS of antiquarian books, periodicals, and other formats alongside full‐text digital versions of some very prominent current periodicals makes for an intriguing open access hybrid of public domain and copyright‐protected materials. The author explains how this has happened.     

基于句子的文本表示及中文文本分类研究

文本挖掘技术是信息资源管理的一项关键技术.向量空间模型是文本挖掘中成熟的文本表示模型,通常以词语或短语作为特征项,但这些特征项只能提供较少的语义信息.为实现基于内容的文本挖掘,本文将文本切分粒度从词语或短语提高到句子,用句子包表示文本,使用句子相似度定义文本相似度,用KNN算法进行中文文本分类,验证模型的可行性.实验证明,基于句子包的KNN算法的平均精度(92.12%)和召回率(92.01%)是比较理想的.     

Discovery,Management, and Preservation of Geospatial Data Using Hydra

As a growing number of disciplines adopt geospatial technologies in their research, the need for access to geospatial data, in a variety of formats, has grown dramatically. For librarians to meet this demand, we also need to provide preservation, curation, metadata, and discovery services. GeoHydra, our open source toolkit and set of practices, provides these services for Stanford's libraries. We incorporate a variety of geospatial content types from raster imagery to scientific vector data to georeferenced scanned maps, and provide a data model for repositories. We demonstrate the potential of a new architecture and practice for librarianship for geospatial data using the Hydra framework. The digitization and georeferencing of historic map collections, streamlining the acquisition and cataloging of vendor-supplied data, shared cataloging of geographic resources, and citation of geospatial research data are all examples of use cases that GeoHydra serves. Our metadata creation and management strategies implement the ISO (International Standards Organization) suite of geographic standards, and a specialized metadata schema for discovery. We developed XSLT transformations, auto-generation of core elements, unique URIs for place names, and cross-institutional data sharing. With these metadata we built a novel geoportal, EarthWorks, to provide end-user discovery for geospatial data layers using GeoBlacklight technology.     

Acquisition and Management of Digital Content at the Library of Congress

The Library of Congress has been actively building digital content within its collection for some years now. This article addresses this digital collection building, covering both the technical means and the practical results. It discusses the underlying philosophies that are guiding the Library of Congress and identifies the areas in which the Library wishes to expand its operations along with the key questions it faces currently in meeting this goal. Finally, it seeks to share the lessons it has learned in the process.