The cultural grid: A framework for multicultural counseling

The Cultural Grid suggests a structure for interpreting a person's behavior in the context of culturally learned expectations. When two persons' expectations are similar, but their behaviors are dissimilar, cross cultural misunderstanding is likely to result. When their expectations are dissimilar, the result is likely to be a personal misunderstanding even though their behaviors are similar. This article introduces a framework for differentiating personal and cultural differences in the interview which is essential for appropriate multicultural counseling. The alternatives are to allow apparent and obvious cultural differences to mask underlying personal differences or to incorrectly assume that two persons who appear culturally similar are having a personal disagreement.     

A leisure counseling model for addicted persons

Conclusion This leisure counseling model provides a general framework for the counseling process rather than a strict guideline. While some clients may progress orderly through the stages, other clients may move back and forth amongst different stages. The specific counseling needs of each client should guide the client's progress through the model accordingly. In short, within the model's framework the counseling process has a great deal of flexibility.The purpose of this article has been to emphasize the importance of leisure counseling for addicted persons and to present a corresponding model that can supplement existing programs and support groups. Thus, the model is designed in such a way that it can be implemented in either individual or group settings. Whatever the particular application of this leisure counseling model, it adds an important extra dimension to existing addiction treatment approaches.The importance of leisure counseling for addicted persons in recovery cannot be overemphasized. Because the addiction was the center of their lives, recovering addicts must forge a new lifestyle without their drug of choice: their best friend and greatest source of security and reassurance. Recognizing their struggle, the addiction leisure counseling model should help counselors facilitate this transition by enabling addicted clients to begin using leisure to satisfy many of their unmet needs.     

A model of career development for a multicultural work force

This article highlights a career development model (Coleman, 1989) designed for use with multicultural and diverse populations. Individuals from these backgrounds sometime encounter difficulties with their career development, and the model was created to focus on the particular issues, needs, and concerns of multicultural populations. The career development model consists of six components: 1) Introduction and Orientation; 2) Self-Assessment; 3) Decision Making; 4) Educational, Occupational, and Community Information; 5) Preparation for Work, Leisure, and Retirement; and 6) Research and Evaluation. A discussion of the barriers encountered by multicultural populations is included, along with implications for counseling and development professionals.     

A psychoeducational model of counseling

This paper reviews the salient features of the Mega Interactive Model of Instruction (MIMI) MIMI has been proposed as the basis for a conceptual framework with which to study and interpret instructional/counseling interactions. The relevance of this model for instructional and counseling research are discussed.     

A decision-making model applied to career counseling

Christine Olson and Ellen McWhirter are doctoral students and John J. Horan is Professor and Director, Counseling Psychology Program, Arizona State University, 401 Payne Hall, Tempe, Arizona 85287-0611.     

A five level intervention model: division of professional labor and implication for school counseling

Mental-health services can contribute substantially to many areas of school life, but the nature and effectiveness of these contributions depend to a large degree on the willingness of the personnel involved to work as a team and to develop new perspectives and practices. This article presents a five level model of mental-health intervention in the school setting and posits a division of responsibility for that intervention among the school psychologist, the school guidance counselor and the teacher. Implications for a school-counselor preparation program are discussed.     

Impact of geopolitical crises on the formation or maintenance of multicultural counseling relationships: Insights from case studies

This article draws attention to the impact of geopolitical crises on multicultural counseling. It acknowledges that counselors may listen to news about these conflicts on radios and televisions without realizing the multicultural counseling implications. It puts these crises in socio-psychological perspective and raises, explains, and discusses the concepts of vicarious gain, lack, and loss of credibility as experienced by counselors due to these crises. Illustrative cases are used to show how vicarious gain, lack, and loss of credibility can inhibit the development and/or maintenance of healthy multicultural counseling relationships. Finally, ways to deal effectively with these problems are presented.     

An assessment instrument for identifying counseling needs of elementary-aged students: The multimodal sentence completion form for children (MSCF-C)

This article discusses the use of a sentence completion instrument predicated on Lazarus' multimodal system. The instrument, entitled The Multimodal Sentence Completion Form for Chindren (MSCF-C), is designed to systematically assess client needs and assist in identifying intervention strategies. Administration procedures and profile development also are addressed. To assist the reader in understanding the strengths and limitations of the MSCF-C, a case study of a 12-year-old sixth-grade student is presented. Based on the verbatim responses of this student, a profile of client characteristics and plausible strategies was outlined.     

Actualizing multicultural counselingcompetencies: A multifaceted course approach

This article responds to the need for specificcourse activities that may facilitate theacquisition of multicultural counselingcompetence. Sue et al.'s (1992) tripartiteframework is used to discuss how multiculturalcounseling competencies may be actualizedthrough the following course components: (a)ice-breaker name activity, (b) class discussionof multicultural experiences, (c) ethnicsharing, (d) action plan, (e) ethnic literaturereview, (f) cultural awareness presentation,(g) multicultural legacy, (h) triad model roleplay, and (i) small-group research project.Several guidelines are suggested to assistinstructors in implementing components.Finally, trainees' reactions to coursecomponents are provided to illustrate courseeffectiveness.     

Media counseling: A new frontier for health professionals

The authors are co-hosts of a popular open line radio show in Western Canada. In this article the term media counseling is explored and strategies in bringing expertise from the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry to the public are outlined. The authors have been convinced of the value of their approach, and outline purposes, as well as providing data relevant to this radio show That's Living.     

A framework for infusing multicultural curriculum into gifted education

Creative thinking can be encouraged in the intermediate grades by teaching specific skills that may be integrated into various subject areas.     

Computer assisted counseling — model for the elementary school

Computers are now part and parcel of the instructional process in many elementary schools. In addition to Computer Assisted Instruction, it is possible to utilize the school computer for other educational purposes such as data storage and information retrieval which can conceivably increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the counseling process. The model described in this paper was built so as to provide the school counselor with an instrument which, although based on traditional counseling methods, is immeasurably more accurate in the provision of updated information for diagnostic and other counseling activities and thus contributes to greater counseling efficiency.     

Preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms

This article examines issues involved in teaching culturally diverse students and questions current practice in multicultural teacher education. An alternative approach to preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms, illustrated by the Teachers for Alaska program at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, focuses prospective teachers on (a) attending to multicultural classroom and community contexts, (b) designing instruction to make connections between academic subject matter and diverse students' backgrounds, and (c) learning how to learn from students, communities, and practical experience. The authors argue that radical departures from traditional teacher education are possible and that breaks from standard practice are both desirable and effective in preparing teachers for multicultural classrooms.