信息化:从计算机科学到计算科学

文章讨论了70年来信息化的发生和发展,以及计算机科学在其中所扮演的核心角色;分析了迄今为止全球信息化所经历的数字化、网络化和智能化3个发展阶段,所形成的计算、网络、数据和软件无处不在的新环境,及其带来的产品创新和系统创新的重大机遇;阐明了智能化是全球信息化竞争新的制高点,人工智能和计算科学成为信息化在新的发展阶段的科学技术基础,各领域的科学家,无论是自然科学家或是社会科学家,均已不能置身信息化之外;2013年诺贝尔化学奖的颁发表明,计算科学是任何一个学科领域翻开新篇章的有力工具,是引领学科发展的前沿,学科数字化和科学的数字化革命势在必行。     

Network Mediated Discursive Education: From Computational to Networked Knowledge in the University

In the 1990s, knowledge management originated as a post-Fordist, information society, discourse that stressed the sociotechnical “capture” and distribution of knowledge as a sharable, information resource. Following a postindustrial model, the information/knowledge economy was seen as the leading productive sector. Today's networked systems mix information processing and retrieval and communication technologies in new ways. While such systems demand new tools for capturing, organizing, searching, ranking, and visualizing knowledge, such systems also offer new opportunities for education and for better, shared, research. This article reviews the status of computational technologies in university education in, and since, Jean-François Lyotard's The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge and then offers recommendations on bridging the divide between networked and critical thinking through the reorganization of the university and some of its functions.     

提高哈埠商业银行服务质量的实证分析——提升哈尔滨本土银行品牌措施的几点建议

通过对哈尔滨地区商业银行的服务质量进行问卷调查,科学选取调查样板,制定科学的计量方法,对7家样板银行的服务质量、信誉度等指标进行了综合分析与对比,对哈尔滨银行如何打造特色、服务质量良好、核心竞争力强大的区域性股份制商业银行有一定的借鉴意义。     

技术创新扩散及其壁垒:微观层面的分析

技术创新扩散的原动力始于企业对超额利润的追逐,但扩散壁垒的存在又限制了技术创新的扩散。本文认为微观层面的技术创新扩散壁垒包括信息壁垒和技术壁垒两个方面,且这两方面壁垒的动态变化决定了技术创新扩散过程的特点。论文以此为基础建立了有别于传统的Bass基本模型的新扩散模型,较好地解释了创新扩散过程的特点。     

引文评价:当前一个应重视的问题

1　引文评价的意义中国科协主席周光召在中国科协 2 0 0 1年学术年会上痛斥学术腐败现象 ,他严厉地指出 ,当前普遍存在急于求成 ,热衷模仿 ,追求论文数量、评价等现象 ,在少数人中还出现弄虚作假、抄袭行骗等违反科学道德的行为。在这种浮躁和学术腐败之风影响下 ,昔日的学术殿堂这块“净土”屡屡出现以下情况 :1)一些人练就一身写的文章比读的文章还多的神功 ,尽管出版的作品很多 ,但有开拓性和学术价值高的并不多 ,更谈不上权威性。2 )申报研究课题立项存在弊病 ,有的人为获得立项不择手段 ,项目资金成了生财之道 ,而对项目的运作却心猿意…     

Facet analysis: The logical approach to knowledge organization

The facet-analytic paradigm is probably the most distinct approach to knowledge organization within Library and Information Science, and in many ways it has dominated what has be termed “modern classification theory”. It was mainly developed by S.R. Ranganathan and the British Classification Research Group, but it is mostly based on principles of logical division developed more than two millennia ago. Colon Classification (CC) and Bliss 2 (BC2) are among the most important systems developed on this theoretical basis, but it has also influenced the development of other systems, such as the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and is also applied in many websites. It still has a strong position in the field and it is the most explicit and “pure” theoretical approach to knowledge organization (KO) (but it is not by implication necessarily also the most important one). The strength of this approach is its logical principles and the way it provides structures in knowledge organization systems (KOS). The main weaknesses are (1) its lack of empirical basis and (2) its speculative ordering of knowledge without basis in the development or influence of theories and socio-historical studies. It seems to be based on the problematic assumption that relations between concepts are a priori and not established by the development of models, theories and laws.     

对专利侵权赔偿的经济学分析

本文运用经济学的方法分析了侵权赔偿数额对专利潜在侵权人及专利权所有人行为的影响,为合理确定侵权损害赔偿金额提供借鉴。     

Constraint propagation applied to citation analysis: An example

A simple numeric constraint-propagation technique is applied to impact factors of scientific journals. This eliminates part of the irregular behavior of this bibliometric measure.     

基于连通性的引文网络结构分析新视角:主路径分析

引文网络主路径方法的提出对于解决特定学科(领域)的关键性文献识别和主流研究线索提取具有重要意义。本文从科学史研究与科学结构揭示的关键文献识别和主流研究提取的实践需求入手,深刻剖析引文网络主路径分析方法的产生背景、基本内涵与算法实现。从引文网络主路径分析的实践应用及与其它方法的整合两方面探讨该方法的演化发展状况,并总结主路径分析在理论及应用研究中存在的主要问题。     

Citation analysis: A social and dynamic approach to knowledge organization

Knowledge organization (KO) and bibliometrics have traditionally been seen as separate subfields of library and information science, but bibliometric techniques make it possible to identify candidate terms for thesauri and to organize knowledge by relating scientific papers and authors to each other and thereby indicating kinds of relatedness and semantic distance. It is therefore important to view bibliometric techniques as a family of approaches to KO in order to illustrate their relative strengths and weaknesses. The subfield of bibliometrics concerned with citation analysis forms a distinct approach to KO which is characterized by its social, historical and dynamic nature, its close dependence on scholarly literature and its explicit kind of literary warrant. The two main methods, co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling represent different things and thus neither can be considered superior for all purposes. The main difference between traditional knowledge organization systems (KOSs) and maps based on citation analysis is that the first group represents intellectual KOSs, whereas the second represents social KOSs. For this reason bibliometric maps cannot be expected ever to be fully equivalent to scholarly taxonomies, but they are – along with other forms of KOSs – valuable tools for assisting users’ to orient themselves to the information ecology. Like other KOSs, citation-based maps cannot be neutral but will always be based on researchers’ decisions, which tend to favor certain interests and views at the expense of others.     

学术论文的创新途径: 基于创新因素的分析

学术论文创新是指在相关学术领域内使学术论文与现有文献有不同的价值。通过构建学术论文的创新因素,可以明确学术论文应该在哪些方面实施创新。     

一种新型的技术形态识别方法——基于SAO语义挖掘方法

形态分析法作为一种面向未来的系统分析方法,已被广泛运用于技术机会识别和技术预测等领域。但现有形态分析方法中,形态结构构建过程对领域专家有较强的依赖。虽有学者尝试引入定量分析方法,但单纯以词频为依据选择特征词,忽略了词间的影响,存在无法展示技术/部件的目的、构成和语义关系等缺陷,限制了技术预测的效果。因此,本文引入主语-谓语-宾语(SAO)语义挖掘方法,提出一种新型的技术形态识别方法,并以德温特专利数据为基础,描述了专利技术形态识别的过程,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。该方法弥补了基于关键词方法的不足,增强了定量方法对技术形态识别中的应用,减少了技术形态定义对专家知识的依赖,提高了技术形态识别的效率,有助于为未来技术预测研究与应用提供重要的理论和方法保障。     

From dignity to security protocols: a scientometric analysis of digital ethics

Our lives are increasingly intertwined with the digital realm, and with new technology, new ethical problems emerge. The academic field that addresses these problems—which we tentatively call ‘digital ethics’—can be an important intellectual resource for policy making and regulation. This is why it is important to understand how the new ethical challenges of a digital society are being met by academic research. We have undertaken a scientometric analysis to arrive at a better understanding of the nature, scope and dynamics of the field of digital ethics. Our approach in this paper shows how the field of digital ethics is distributed over various academic disciplines. By first having experts select a collection of keywords central to digital ethics, we have generated a dataset of articles discussing these issues. This approach allows us to generate a scientometric visualisation of the field of digital ethics, without being constrained by any preconceived definitions of academic disciplines. We have first of all found that the number of publications pertaining to digital ethics is exponentially increasing. We furthermore established that whereas one may expect digital ethics to be a species of ethics, we in fact found that the various questions pertaining to digital ethics are predominantly being discussed in computer science, law and biomedical science. It is in these fields, more than in the independent field of ethics, that ethical discourse is being developed around concrete and often technical issues. Moreover, it appears that some important ethical values are very prominent in one field (e.g., autonomy in medical science), while being almost absent in others. We conclude that to get a thorough understanding of, and grip on, all the hard ethical questions of a digital society, ethicists, policy makers and legal scholars will need to familiarize themselves with the concrete and practical work that is being done across a range of different scientific fields to deal with these questions.     

Learning how to implement and manage SME marketing networks: a qualitative analysis

The theme of SME marketing networks acquires high relevance because of their positive influence over internationalization and market competitiveness. Within this stream of research, how partners learn to implement and manage collaborations has received little attention. This article aims to bridge this gap, first, by analysing the mechanisms partners use throughout their learning process, and, second, by investigating whether this learning process may have an association with the network ability to explore new market opportunities, which is the ultimate objective of SMEs willing to overcome the liability of smallness. The results of this article unveils the different structures, processes and tools, which are used to create new knowledge on how to implement and manage SME marketing networks; furthermore, it suggests that an effective learning process may have a positive association with the exploration of new market opportunities through networks.     

Enhanced single-cell encapsulation in microfluidic devices: From droplet generation to single-cell analysis

Single-cell analysis to investigate cellular heterogeneity and cell-to-cell interactions is a crucial compartment to answer key questions in important biological mechanisms. Droplet-based microfluidics appears to be the ideal platform for such a purpose because the compartmentalization of single cells into microdroplets offers unique advantages of enhancing assay sensitivity, protecting cells against external stresses, allowing versatile and precise manipulations over tested samples, and providing a stable microenvironment for long-term cell proliferation and observation. The present Review aims to give a preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds to explore the field of single-cell encapsulation and analysis. A comprehensive and introductory overview of the droplet formation mechanism, fabrication methods of microchips, and a myriad of passive and active encapsulation techniques to enhance single-cell encapsulation efficiency were presented. Meanwhile, common methods for single-cell analysis, especially for long-term cell proliferation, differentiation, and observation inside microcapsules, are briefly introduced. Finally, the major challenges faced in the field are illustrated, and potential prospects for future work are discussed.     

Preface to Special Topic: Microsystems for manipulation and analysis of living cells

This Preface describes exciting papers contributed to the Special Topic section on manipulation and analysis of cells using microsystems. Brief summaries of each paper are provided and general trends are discussed.     

The relationship of information science to the social sciences: A co-citation analysis

A co-citation cluster analysis of a three year (1975–1977) cumulation of the Social Sciences Citation Index is described, and clusters of information science documents contained in this data-base are identified using a journal subset concentration measure. The internal structure of the information science clusters is analyzed in terms of co-citations among clusters, and external linkages to fields outside information science are explored. It is shown that clusters identified by the journal concentration method also cohere in a natural way through cluster co-citation. Conclusions are drawn regarding the relationship of information science to the social sciences, and suggestions are made on how these data might be used in planning an agenda for research in the field.