渐进性抗阻力量训练对普通人群力量、最大摄氧量与最大有氧功率的影响

目的:探讨渐进性抗阻力量训练对普通人群力量、最大摄氧量和最大有氧功率的影响.方法:30名普通健康成年男性进行10周的渐进性力量训练,力量训练前后测试实验对象的力量和有氧能力.结果:力量训练后,实验对象的最大蹲起负重(Loadmax)、60%最大蹲起负重下的的蹲跳功率(P 60)、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有了显著性增长.与训练前相比,在最大摄氧量测试过程中,随着工作功率的提高,通气量呈下降的趋势,摄氧量呈上升的趋势,氧差有增大的趋势.结论:10周的渐进性抗阻力量训练,使实验对象动力性最大力量、动力性爆发力、最大摄氧量、相对最大摄氧量以及最大工作功率都有显著性提高;实验对象有氧能力的提高与肌肉用氧能力改善有关.     

CrossFit的高强度力量训练能改善最大有氧能力和最大力量

目的:检验8周CrossFit训练是否对健康成年人最大有氧能力、爆发力、体成分有影响,各指标之间的相关性是否显著。方法:选取14名至少受过CF训练一年以上的男性训练者分别在训练前和训练8周后进行功率自行车递增负荷测试、wattbike 6S峰值功率测试,采集训练者的最大摄氧量(VO 2 max)、体成分、6S峰值功率等相关参数。结果:结果:(1)8周crossFit后,健康成年男子的BMI、最大摄氧量绝对值有显著下降(P<0.05),体脂百分比下降具有极显著性(P<0.01)、最大摄氧量相对值,6S峰值功率均有显著性提高(P<0.01),体重虽然有所下降但是不具有显著性。(2)从皮尔逊相关性得出体重与体成分之间相关性不高,体脂百分比与最大摄氧量相对值(rp=0.94,P<0.01)、最大摄氧量绝对值(rp=0.87,P<0.01)峰值功率(rp=0.89,P<0.01)之间也存在显著性相关。结论:(1)体重与体成分其他指标之间相关性不明显(2)CrossFit可以显着改善健康成年男子的最大摄氧量、无氧峰值功率和身体成分。     

血流限制训练对摩登舞专项学生下肢主要肌肉机能的影响

目的 运用表面肌电与等速肌力训练仪器,就血流限制训练（BFRT）探讨对摩登舞专项学生下肢主要肌肉力量、肌肉指标等影响的情况进行分析。方法 24名摩登舞专项学生随机分为无负重组、负重组及负重加压组,进行肌电、等速肌力测试仪器相关指标的测试,选取的实验动作为深蹲、弓箭蹲。结果 1）负重加压组股直肌、股外侧肌、股二头肌均方根振幅值显著增加。2）负重加压组能够显著提升受试者股四头肌60°/S、180°/S角速峰值力矩、峰值功率、最大做功,提升效果显著优于无负重组和负重组。结论 12周负重加压组训练对摩登舞专项学生下肢最大肌力和力量发展速率的影响效果优于无负重组和负重组。相对于传统的强度力量训练,应用血流限制训练（BFRT）可以更快地达到力量训练效果。     

13-15岁青少年女子竞技健美操运动员核心力量训练

通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、实验法和数理统计法探讨了13-15岁青少年女子竞技健美操运动员核心力量训练的方法和手段.研究结果显示:通过静力性半蹲、负重全蹲、负重半蹲、仰卧挺髋、单臂俯撑、控腹、俯卧撑和平板卧推核心力量训练对评价核心力量素质的五项指标都有显著性差异,具有统计学意义,说明此实验手段对研究对象的核心力量素质的...     

力量与耐力素质发展的对立统一

采用实验法和数理统计法,在高原训练前后进行爆发力、有氧能力测试,探讨皮划艇运动员高原训练中身体素质的发展情况。结果表明:对照组与实验组最大摄氧量组均有所增加,但对照组最大摄氧量增加的幅度更高;实验组卧推成绩比对照组提高的幅度大,且有显著性差异。认为:服用营养品增强肌肉最大力量,但削弱了有氧能力发展的幅度;力量素质的发展会影响耐力素质的发展。     

跆拳道训练对大学生体适能的影响

为了探索跆拳道训练对人体体适能的影响,对湖南理工学院体育学院15名2010级参与跆拳道训练的学生,进行力量耐力、最大摄氧量、无氧功率和柔韧性的跟踪测试.结果表明：系统的跆拳道训练,对大学生的柔韧性、力量耐力、最大摄氧量以及无氧功率等方面具有促进作用.结论：跆拳道训练对人体体适能具有一定的促进作用.     

力量训练负荷和肌肉疲劳对表面肌电非线性参数的双重调节

目的：研究力量训练负荷和肌肉疲劳对表面肌电信号非线性参数的作用规律,探索精准力量训练中对肌力、肌肉做功和疲劳因素敏感的非线性指标。方法：6名受试者在非疲劳和疲劳状态下分别完成徒手至90%最大负荷共7个负重水平的下蹲起动作,采集股四头肌的表面肌电、足底压力和膝关节角数据,提取表面肌电非线性参数分形维、多尺度熵、科尔莫戈诺夫熵、LZ复杂度,由足底压力和膝关节角计算膝关节力矩,对疲劳前后负重蹲起动作过程的肌电参数和膝关节力矩进行回归分析。结果：无论肌肉是否处于疲劳状态,表面肌电的非线性参数均随负重水平增加而增大,但同等负重水平下,肌肉疲劳导致参数降低。其中,科尔莫戈诺夫熵的线性增长性最显著,而分形维的数值稳定性最高,其峰值出现在60%～75%最大负重。结论：1）骨骼肌系统的复杂度受到肌肉疲劳和肌肉收缩的共同作用,在运用表面肌电非线性参数评价肌肉疲劳时,应消除肌力或关节力矩的影响;2）表面肌电分形维能较好地反映肌肉做功能力,更全面地评估肌肉工作状态,可以作为精准化快速力量训练及肌肉伤病康复治疗的评价指标。     

最大摄氧量与安静时肺功能相关性研究——以我校女大学生为例

文章致力于探究非运动员或未经系统训练的人群最大摄氧量与肺功能的关系,了解不同水平受试者的器官功能与素质差异。具体表现为通过招募本校非体育专业身体健康的女大学生20人（20.76岁±1.67岁,161.59厘米±5.2厘米,54.42公斤±4.81公斤）,进行最大摄氧量（直接测定法）、肺功能（肺功能仪测试）测试,应用SPSS22.0软件对受试者最大摄氧量与其他不同指标数据进行Pearson相关分析,进一步以最大摄氧量的正常值为界,通过独立样本t检验比较两个组之间的差异。经研究分析得出：（1）肺活量与最大摄氧量的相对值（r=0.318）和最大摄氧量绝对值（r=0.325）显著正相关（P<0.05）;最大通气量（MVV）与最大摄氧量相对值（0.596）、最大摄氧量绝对值（0.558）和肺活量（r=0.702）显著正相关（P<0.01）。（2）最大摄氧量偏低组和正常组两组之间各个指标都不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）。（3）最大摄氧量偏低组与正常组最大摄氧量相对值（t=-12.12）、最大摄氧量绝对值（t=-9.03）、呼吸商（RQ,t=2.87）显著差异（P<0.01...     

高水平女子撑竿跳运动员的大周期力量训练分期

对我国2名国家队高水平女子撑竿跳运动员一个参赛周期的力量训练分期进行研究。结果认为:(1)根据撑竿跳运动专项力量构成特点,一个参赛周期的力量训练可沿基础性全身力量训练、原动肌肉体积适度增加训练、原动肌肉最大力量提高训练、专项爆发力提高训练、最大力量与专项爆发力保持训练途径进行阶段性复合训练;(2)分期式力量训练不仅有助于专项力量的转化与提高,而且可以保证竞赛期专项力量在比赛中发挥积极的作用。通过个案研究发现,2名国家队高水平女子撑竿跳运动员经过系统性力量分期训练,在各项最大力量(负重半蹲、上斜卧推、肩上推举、硬拉、腿弯举、提踵)与专项力量指标(下肢无氧功率自行车测试、助跑5级跨跳远、跳远)上较上一训练周期有了较明显的提高,并促进了专项成绩的进一步提高。     

十周不同组数的杠铃负重蹲起练习后最大力量和无氧耐力变化的对比研究

目的:比较10周不同组数的杠铃负重练习分别对最大力量和无氧耐力的影响,分析不同负荷量的力量训练计划的效果.方法:22名无训练经历的青年男性受试者随机分为3组,均采用80%1RM重量,分别进行8次×1组练习动作、8次x3组练习动作和8次x6组练习动作的负重蹲起训练,每周训练2次,共训练10周,于训练开始前、训练4周、7周、10周共进行4次1RM和标准Wingate测试,比较其差异.结果:不同练习组数的受试者,训练后1RM值和Wingate测试的峰功率及平均功率比训练前均显著增强,但各组之间,其差异不具有显著性意义.结论:无训练经历者在10周期间进行负重重量相同的下肢力量练习,每次多组重复者与每次进行1组练习者相比,最大力量及无氧耐力的增强并未表现出更显著效果.     

Strength training and power output: transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near-maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2-3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min-1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min-1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160-200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3-20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO2max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.     

Maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity after inspiratory muscle training: a controlled study

The effect of inspiratory muscle training for 10 min twice a day for 27.5 days was evaluated in 20 human subjects, of whom 10 formed a training group and 10 a sham training group. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal ventilation, breathing frequency during maximal exercise and the distance run in 12 min on a track were determined in addition to resting peak expiratory flow, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), with alveolar oxygen tension (pAO2) during maximal exercise being calculated. Inspiratory muscle training increased maximal inspiratory pressure from 93 (range 38-118) to 110 (65-165) mmHg in the training group (P less than 0.0005), but did not affect VO2 max, ventilation during maximal exercise, peak expiratory flow, FEV1 or FVC. However, breathing frequency during maximal exercise decreased slightly from 56 (44-87) to 53 (38-84) breaths min-1 (P less than 0.05) in the training group only; but the calculated pAO2 did not increase from the pre-training value of 126 (116-132) mmHg. The maximal distance run during 12 min increased similarly in the training and sham training groups by 8% (3-12%) and 6% (2-12%), respectively (P less than 0.01). The results of this study show that inspiratory muscle training resulting in a 32% (0-85%) increase in maximal inspiratory pressure does not change FEV1, FVC, peak expiratory flow, VO2 max or work capacity.     

The effect of training on aerobic power characteristics of young cross-country skiers

The influences of growth, training and various training methods were investigated by analysing long-term training effects in young cross-country and biathlon skiers (n = 129). Some athletes (n = 49) were studied six times in three years and some at least once a year during a four year period (n = 48). During three summer training periods skiers emphasized either intensive training or distance training or continued to train normally. The results indicated that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and heart volume increased between 15 and 20 years of age and the most significant changes in heart volume were observed between 16 and 18 years of age. International level skiers were able to increase their VO2 max and heart volume even after 20 years of age. Anaerobic threshold (AT, ml kg-1 min-1) increased like VO2 max but when expressed as a percentage of VO2 max, the AT was similar in every age group over 16 years of age. Intensive training at the intensity of anaerobic threshold or higher was observed to be most effective in producing improvements in VO2 max. Low-intensity distance training was more effective in producing improvements in anaerobic threshold.     

Maximal oxygen uptake versus maximal power output in children

Maximal oxygen uptake VO(2max)) is considered the optimal method to assess aerobic fitness. The measurement of VO(2max), however, requires special equipment and training. Maximal exercise testing with determination of maximal power output offers a more simple approach. This study explores the relationship between [Vdot]O(2max) and maximal power output in 247 children (139 boys and 108 girls) aged 7.9-11.1 years. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured by indirect calorimetry during a maximal ergometer exercise test with an initial workload of 30 W and 15 W x min(-1) increments. Maximal power output was also measured. A sample (n = 124) was used to calculate reference equations, which were then validated using another sample (n = 123). The linear reference equation for both sexes combined was: VO(2max) (ml x min(-1)) = 96 + 10.6 x maximal power + 3.5 . body mass. Using this reference equation, estimated VO(2max) per unit of body mass (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) calculated from maximal power correlated closely with the direct measurement of VO(2max) (r = 0.91, P <0.001). Bland-Altman analysis gave a mean limits of agreement of 0.2+/-2.9 (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) (1 s). Our results suggest that maximal power output serves as a good surrogate measurement for VO(2max) in population studies of children aged 8-11 years.     

Comparison of different theoretical models estimating peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake in trained and elite triathletes and endurance cyclists in the velodrome

The aim of this study was to assess which of the equations that estimate peak power output and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in the velodrome adapt best to the measurements made by reference systems. Thirty-four endurance cyclists and triathletes performed one incremental test in the laboratory and two tests in the velodrome. Maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output were measured with an indirect calorimetry system in the laboratory and with the SRM training system in the velodrome. The peak power output and VO2max of the field test were estimated by means of different equations. The agreement between the estimated and the reference values was assessed with the Bland-Altman method. The equation of Olds et al. (1995) showed the best agreement with respect to the peak power output reference values, and that of McCole et al. (1990) was the only equation to show good agreement with respect to the VO2max reference values. The VO2max values showed a higher coefficient of determination with respect to maximal aerobic speed when they were expressed in relative terms. In conclusion, the equations of Olds et al. (1995) and McCole et al. (1990) were best at estimating peak power output and VO2max in the velodrome, respectively.     

Antioxidant diet supplementation enhances aerobic performance in amateur sportsmen

The effects of antioxidant diet supplements on blood lactate concentration and on the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds and their adaptations to training were analysed. Fifteen amateur male athletes were randomly assigned to either a placebo group or an antioxidant-supplemented group (90 days supplementation with 500 mg x day(-1) of vitamin E and 30 mg x day(-1) of beta-carotene, and the last 15 days also with 1 g x day(-1) of vitamin C). Before and after the antioxidant supplements, the sportsmen performed a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer and maximal and submaximal physiological parameters were assessed together with blood lactate concentration. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), maximal blood lactate concentration, and the maximal workload attained rose significantly in both groups after the 3 months of training. At the end of the study, maximal blood lactate concentration was lower in the group that took supplements than in the placebo group. The percentage of VO(2max) attained at the anaerobic threshold rose significantly in both groups after 3 months of training, although the final value in the supplemented group was higher than that in the placebo group. Antioxidant diet supplements induced lower increases in blood lactate concentration after a maximal exercise test and could improve the efficiency in which aerobic energy is obtained.     

Strength training and power output: Transference effects in the human quadriceps muscle

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in a group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near‐maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2–3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min^–1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min^–1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160–200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3–20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO₂max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.     

Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to predict indoor rowing performance in 12 competitive female rowers (age 21.3 +/- 3.6 years, height 1.68 +/- 0.54 m, body mass 67.1 +/- 11.7 kg; mean +/- s) using a 30 s rowing sprint, maximal oxygen uptake and the blood lactate response to submaximal rowing. Blood lactate and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during a discontinuous graded exercise test on a Concept II rowing ergometer incremented by 25 W for each 2 min stage; the highest VO2 measured during the test was recorded as VO2max (mean = 3.18 +/- 0.35 l.min-1). Peak power (380 +/- 63.2 W) and mean power (368 +/- 60.0 W) were determined using a modified Wingate test protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Rowing performance was based on the results of the 2000 m indoor rowing championship in 1997 (466.8 +/- 12.3 s). Laboratory testing was performed within 3 weeks of the rowing championship. Submitting mean power (Power), the highest and lowest five consecutive sprint power outputs (Maximal and Minimal), percent fatigue in the sprint test (Fatigue), VO2max (l.min-1), VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1), VO2 at the lactate threshold, power at the lactate threshold (W), maximal lactate concentration, lactate threshold (percent VO2max) and VEmax (l.min-1) to a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced the following model to predict 2000 m rowing performance: Time2000 = -0.163 (Power) -14.213.(VO2max l.min-1) +0.738.(Fatigue) 7.259 (R2 = 0.96, standard error = 2.89). These results indicate that, in the women studied, 75.7% of the variation in 2000 m indoor rowing performance time was predicted by peak power in a rowing Wingate test, while VO2max and fatigue during the Wingate test explained an additional 12.1% and 8.2% of the variance, respectively.     

Effects of endurance training on transient oxygen uptake responses in cyclists

The aim of this study was to determine the alterations in oxygen uptake kinetics following endurance training in previously trained athletes. Sixteen competitive cyclists completed 8 weeks of supervised endurance cycle training. Ventilatory threshold, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), oxygen uptake kinetics and simulated 40-km time-trial tests were performed three times over a 4-week period before training, and then after 4 and 8 weeks of training. The protocol for measuring oxygen uptake kinetics consisted of three square-wave increments from unloaded cycling to a power output of 78 W followed by a single increment from 78 to 156 W. No significant differences in any variables were observed over the pre-training period. The ventilatory threshold and VO2max increased, and the time for 40 km decreased (P < 0.05) with training. Shorter VO2 time constants and lower heart rates were observed during the protocol for measuring oxygen uptake kinetics (same absolute power output) post-training. These results indicate that oxygen uptake kinetics may be improved with endurance training in previously trained athletes.