短道速滑运动员Na＋，K＋-ATP酶活性变化特征

Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性对训练负荷具有较高的敏感性,利用Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性衡量训练效果。评定不同训练方法对提高短道速滑运动员能力的效能,对促进短道速滑项目科学化训练具有重要价值。通过对省、市队短道速滑和未经训练受试对象采用间歇训练法和持续训练法运动4周后观察Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性变化,研究结果表明：经过短道速滑训练的受试对象Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性要高于非训练组,并且训练年限越长,Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性就越高;采用间歇训练法要比持续训练法更容易提升Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性;动作协调性好的短道速滑运动员Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性高于协调性差的短道速滑运动员。实验提示：Na＋,K＋-ATP酶活性也可作为短道速滑运动员评定训练负荷和衡量训练效果的敏感指标,短道速滑运动员采用间歇性训练法的训练效果要好于持续性训练法。     

运动与骨骼肌Na+-K+-ATP酶

本文简要介绍了骨骼肌Na -K -ATP酶的分布和功能;概述了近年来急性运动、运动训练和低氧环境下运动与骨骼肌Na -K -ATP酶及其mRNA表达的研究概况;分析了运动中影响骨骼肌Na -K ATP酶的因素.     

不同训练方法对大鼠肾脏组织Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性及自由基代谢的影响

对大强度间歇训练和持续训练大鼠肾脏组织Na ,K -ATP酶活性及自由基进行比较,结果显示:(1)6周训练后,两训练组在安静状态下,大鼠肾脏组织中Na ,K -ATP酶活性略为升高,MDA含量显著下降,SOD酶活性略有下降,SOD/MDA显著升高;(2)两训练组运动后即刻与对照组相比,Na ,K -ATP酶活性略有下降,SOD和MDA显著下降;(3)两训练组之间各指标均无显著差异。间歇训练和持续训练均能降低肾脏组织脂质过氧化水平,使Na ,K -ATP酶免遭氧化损伤。     

有氧训练对红细胞自由基代谢和Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶活性影响

探讨不同时间负荷训练大鼠红细胞自由基代谢和Na -K -ATP酶活性。结果表明急性运动时红细胞产生氧化应激,而有氧训练使红细胞自由基代谢得以改善。运动训练改善红细胞自由基代谢和Na -K -ATP酶活性和每日训练持续时间有一定的关系,在一定程度上红细胞自由基代谢水平影响着红细胞膜功能蛋白活性。     

肌膜Na+,K+-ATP酶与骨胳肌运动能力

利用文献资料法，分析了Na^ 、K^ 平衡能力与骨骼肌疲劳的关系，认为肌膜上的Na^ -K^ -ATP酶是维持肌纤维结构和功能的重要蛋白质，Na 、一些激素、递质通过复杂的信号转导机制对Na^ ，K^ -ATP酶活性进行调节。周期性训练刺激可以增加肌纤维细胞膜上酶的数量和活性，产生良性适应。研究表明疲劳时Na^ ，K^ -ATP活性下降，Na^ 、K^ 调节能力不足，胞内K^ 持续丢失，胞外Na^ 内流，静息电位绝对值随运动时间延长明显下降，肌肉做功能力下降。有资料表明，运动中自由基产生增加，以多种方式攻击Na^ ，K^ -ATP酶和脂质双分子层，是疲劳时酶活性下降的重要原因。     

不同负荷训练对大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜自由基代谢、膜流动性及Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性的影响

探讨不同负荷游泳训练对大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜结构和功能的影响。分别测试不同负荷下膜的抗氧化酶SOD、膜脂质过氧化产物MDA、膜荧光偏振度(P)及膜Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的变化。与对照组相比,小负荷训练组骨骼肌细胞膜P值降低,膜SOD活性、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性提高,膜上MDA含量则降低;大负荷训练组较小负荷组肌膜P值增加,膜SOD活性、Na+-K+-ATP酶活性下降。适宜负荷训练可以提高骨骼肌细胞膜的抗氧化能力,改善膜脂的流动性,使膜Na+-K+-ATP酶活性增强,而过大负荷训练则使骨骼肌细胞膜的抗氧化能力、膜脂的流动性及膜酶活性降低。     

补充白藜芦醇对大强度运动大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力、NO、NOS、ATP酶的影响

目的:通过检测补充白藜芦醇(RES)对大强度运动大鼠脑组织抗氧化能力、NO、NOS、ATP酶的影响,探讨RES减缓运动性损伤的效果和机制.方法:以雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,建立大强度递增负荷运动模型,各组大鼠训练结束后匀浆法提取大鼠脑组织匀浆,紫外分光光度计检测大鼠脑组织中总超氧化物歧化酶(tSOD)、CuZn超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)、Mn超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、结构型一氧化氮合酶(cNOS)、一氧化氮(NO)以及Na+,K+-ATP酶(Na+,K+-ATPase)、Ca2+-ATP酶(Ca2+-ATPase)的表达水平.结果:大强度运动可造成大鼠脑组织中的tSOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、MDA、tNOS、iNOS、NO显著升高,GSH-Px、cNOS、Na+,K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase显著下降.补充RES可使大鼠运动后脑组织中MDA、tNOS、iNOS、NO下降,tSOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、cNOS、Na+,K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase活性升高.结论:大强度运动造成脑组织氧化损伤,RES能够有效提高脑组织抗氧化能力,保持脑组织ATPase活性,减轻氧化性损伤.     

1,6-二磷酸果糖对游泳大鼠心肌组织的保护作用

研究了 1,6 -二磷酸果糖 (FDP)对一次性游泳大鼠心肌组织磷酸果糖激酶 (PFK)、丙酮酸激酶 (PK)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、Na 、K -ATP酶的活性 ,MDA含量及血浆中谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、肌酸激酶 (CK)和血乳酸含量 ,以探讨FDP对大强度运动大鼠心肌组织的代谢和细胞膜稳定性的作用。和对照组相比 ,服用FDP使大鼠安静时心肌PFK活性明显升高 ,运动中PFK维持在较高水平 ,PK活性无明显变化 ,Na 、K -ATP酶活性明显升高 ,运动时心肌组织丙二醛 (MDA)含量增加的幅度下降 ,SOD活性无明显变化 ,安静时血浆CK活性降低 ,运动后血浆GOT和CK活性降低 ,服用FDP可使PFK活性升高更快 ,血浆中GOT和CK恢复加快。结果显示 ,FDP能促进心肌组织糖酵解代谢 ,对运动大鼠心肌细胞膜有一定保护作用 ,能够促进运动后心肌细胞膜功能的恢复。     

1,6一二磷酸果糖对游泳大鼠心肌组织的保护作用

研究了1,6-二磷酸果糖(FDP)对一次性游泳大鼠心肌组织磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、Na 、K -ATP酶的活性,MDA含量及血浆中谷草转氨酶(GOT)、肌酸激酶(CK)和血乳酸含量,以探讨FDP对大强度运动大鼠心肌组织的代谢和细胞膜稳定性的作用.和对照组相比,服用FDP使大鼠安静时心肌PFK活性明显升高,运动中PFK维持在较高水平,PK活性无明显变化,Na 、K -ATP酶活性明显升高,运动时心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量增加的幅度下降,SOD活性无明显变化,安静时血浆CK活性降低,运动后血浆GOT和CK活性降低,服用FDP可使PFK活性升高更快,血浆中GOT和CK恢复加快.结果显示,FDP能促进心肌组织糖酵解代谢,对运动大鼠心肌细胞膜有一定保护作用,能够促进运动后心肌细胞膜功能的恢复.     

牡蛎多糖对力竭运动小鼠肝损伤保护作用

目的通过建立力竭性游泳运动损伤模型,探讨牡蛎多糖对力竭小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法实验小鼠30只,分为安静对照组、运动训练组、运动给药组,每组10只。运动给药组小鼠灌服剂量为100 g/kg/d牡蛎多糖溶液,其他两小组按质量灌服相应体积的生理盐水,共20 d。运动训练组、运动给药组隔天进行一次力竭游泳训练,末次运动后,测定各组小鼠血清ALT、AST,肝组织中MDA、GSH-PX、SOD、CAT、NO、NOS、Na+/K+-ATP、Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP。结果与安静对照组相比,运动训练组ALT、AST、MDA、NO、NOS升高(P<0.05、P<0.01),GSH-PX、SOD、CAT、Na+/K+-ATP、Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP降低(P<0.05、P<0.01);与运动训练组相比,运动给药组ALT、AST、MDA、NO、NOS降低(P<0.05、P<0.01),GSH-PX、SOD、CAT、Na+/K+-ATP、Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP均升高(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论牡蛎多糖可以增强肝组织中抗氧化能力,抑制NOS的活性,减少的NO的毒性代谢物对肝组织的损伤。保持ATPase的活性。提示牡蛎多糖对力竭运动引起的肝损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。