Current status and future prospects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is the end-stage of many chronic liver diseases and is a significant health threat. The only effective therapy is liver transplantation, which still has many problems, including the lack of donor sources, immunological rejection, and high surgery costs, among others. However, the use of cell therapy is becoming more prevalent, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be a promising cell type for the treatment of liver fibrosis. MSCs have multiple differentiation abilities, allowing them to migrate directly into injured tissue and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells. Additionally, MSCs can release various growth factors and cytokines to increase hepatocyte regeneration, regress liver fibrosis, and regulate inflammation and immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current uses of MSC therapies for liver fibrosis and suggest potential future applications.     

大学俄语教学的现状和未来发展前景

如今是一个高速发展的信息时代,经济全球化推动着各国市场经济的发展,随着我国的国民经济的不断发展,使得整个社会对外语教育的重视度也越来越高,国家对外语人才的需求量也是越来越大,这对我们的大学外语教学来说是一种新的机遇和挑战,同时也给大学的外语教学提出了更高的要求。俄语作为一种小语种的学科,这方面的人才则更为缺乏,对于大学俄语的教学来说,便更需要先进的思想指导,来确定大学俄语教学的模式和未来发展方向,针对这一问题,本文就目前大学俄语教学的现状做了分析,总结了一些问题,并提出了相应的解决措施和对大学俄语教学的未来发展做了一些前景的设想。     

School-based Sex Education in Russia: The current reality and prospects

The last decade has been characterised in Russia by a sharp increase in the number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially in teenagers, as well as by a high level of unwanted pregnancies, sexual violence and other phenomena relevant to the issues of reproductive and sexual health and behaviour. Though the overwhelming majority of Russian teenagers, their parents and teachers favour the introduction of sex education in schools, there is no national programme of school-based sex education in Russia at the moment. Currently, some conservative forces and the Russian Orthodox Church are actively opposing school sex education and family planning. Opponents of sex education have mounted an aggressive campaign against the implementation of sex education in schools. The attempt of the Russian Ministry of Education, in cooperation with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNESCO, to implement in-school sex education has practically failed. At present, direct instruction of schoolchildren in these matters is in fact forbidden. So in the near future, it is only really feasible to promote direct educational work with youngsters on a local basis and in cooperation with some foreign experts within the framework of separate, fairly small-scale projects.     

Wye External Programme: Current practices and prospects for development

Distance education can be more cost‐effective than conventional education. In view of scarce resources available to developing countries, it is, therefore, a valuable means of tackling educational problems. The paradox is that this mode of education has not yet firmly established itself where it is badly needed (except in a few Asian and Latin American countries). This paper does not attempt to discuss the paradox but examines the potential of creating programmes that can cross national boundaries, taking as an exemplar, the context of Wye External Programme. It is believed that such programmes can assist these countries in resolving current educational problems and pave the way for further developments.     

对现行英语教师校本研修制度的反思与重建

通过揭示当下学校英语学科组建设中存在的一些共性问题,提出创建共生型英语学科组的构想,着力培养英语教师的进取意识和研究意识,为英语学科校本研修在理论建设、实践研究方面提供新的视角。     

Education for Sustainable Development: past experience., present action and future prospects

Rousseau's philosophy of education is contained not only in Emile (1762), but also in The Government of Poland (1772). In each of them he emphasises different aspects of education: How to be a human being? And: How to be a citizen? The main theme investigated by Rousseau in The Government of Poland, is how a minor nation surrounded by such major powers as Russia, Prussia and Austria can ensure its survival? Not having the option of defending itself against its powerful neighbours by military means, Rousseau's advice is to found the Polish nation in the hearts of the Polish people, primarily through citizenship education. However, Poland was finally divided between its neighbours in 1795. Rousseau's writing The Government of Poland can shed some light on the Danish situation after losing the war to Prussia and Austria in 1864. With its defeat Denmark did not disappear, as did Poland, but the territory of the United Monarchy was almost halved by the loss of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. After the war some of the same defence strategies and educational ideas as Rousseau had recommended to Poland became important in Denmark. In light of Rousseau's ideas about citizenship education this article will explore the Danish way of trying to establish the nation in the hearts of the people throughout the 20th century. Today the question is: How to understand the conception of self‐determination in the context of establishing European political unity? In his analysis Habermas directs our attention to some of the same dilemmas that Rousseau had dealt with 200 years earlier. Habermas’ advice is to give the European spirit a republican form.     

Therapeutic radionuclides in nuclear medicine: current and future prospects

The potential use of radionuclides in therapy has been recognized for many decades. A number of radionuclides, such as iodine-131 (¹³¹I), phosphorous-32 (³²P), strontium-90 (⁹⁰Sr), and yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y), have been used successfully for the treatment of many benign and malignant disorders. Recently, the rapid growth of this branch of nuclear medicine has been stimulated by the introduction of a number of new radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of metastatic bone pain and neuroendocrine and other malignant or non-malignant tumours. Today, the field of radionuclide therapy is enjoying an exciting phase and is poised for greater growth and development in the coming years. For example, in Asia, the high prevalence of thyroid and liver diseases has prompted many novel developments and clinical trials using targeted radionuclide therapy. This paper reviews the characteristics and clinical applications of the commonly available therapeutic radionuclides, as well as the problems and issues involved in translating novel radionuclides into clinical therapies.     

Transnational corporations and education: Current issues and prospects

Two main questions are discussed. First, how might transnational corporations contribute to various forms of education in developing countries? Secondly, what measures should states take in education to help them get better advantage from the transnational corporations? Adopting a pragmatic approach, the paper points out that the most important form of education is often the most overlooked, namely, on-the-job training in a range of occupations from low skilled to top management. Although this is indeed supplemented by in-service training programmes, the latter are not always on offer. In general, transnational corporations are interested in education in their host countries only insofar as it affects their own operations. For their part, host country governments have a difficult task. On the one hand they need to educate their young people to be able to take advantage of the technology and expertise made available by the transnational corporations. On the other hand, they need to give them an education which will help them to preserve their culture, despite absorbing the technology and thereby also the culture of foreign firms. More particularly, host countries seem to lack the specialized training, which is necessary for dealing effectively and advantageously with the transnational corporations. In a final note, the paper considers what might happen if a ‘real’ NIEO were introduced.     

The economics of education: Current debates and prospects

The Education of Feeling and Emotion. By Francis Dunlop. Pp. ix and 129. London: George Allen &; Unwin, 1984. HB £9.50; PB £4.25.

Reason and Feeling in the Arts. By David Best. Pp. 200. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1985. £6.95.

Metaphors of Education. By W. Taylor (Editor). Pp. ix, 150. London: Heineman Educational Books Ltd, 1984. £5.95 paperback.

Studies in Religion and Education. By John M. Hull. Pp. vii, 292. London and New York: The Falmer Press, 1984. £12.95 cloth, £6.95 paper.

The Making of a Moonie: Brainwashing or Choice. By Eileen Barker. Pp. ix. 305. Basil Blackwell, 1984. £12.00.

Theory and Practice in Education. By R. F. Dearden, Pp. xiii, 169. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1984. £11.95.

Giving Teaching Back to Teachers: A Critical Introduction to Curriculum Theory. By Robin Barrow. Pp. xvi, 301. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1984. £20.00 hardback, £8.95 paperback.

Science versus Practice: chemistry in Victorian Britain. By Robert Bud and Gerrylynn K. Roberts. Manchester University Press 1984. £25.00.

Education and Psychology: Plato, Piaget and Scientific Psychology. By Kieran Egan. Pp. xiii, 210. London: Methuen, 1984. £10.50. PB £4.95.

Understanding History of Education. Edited by Robert R. Sherman, Pp. xii, 345. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Shenkman Publishing Company Inc., 1984.     

Educational Assessment in China: Lessons from history and future prospects

Imperial China is widely regarded as having introduced the first systematic assessment system for civil service appointments. This paper briefly reviews this history and then discusses the evolution of assessment during the twentieth century, especially the period of the People's Republic from 1949. It explores the highly centralised nature of the resulting system, which changed as political and economic circumstances dictated.     

国外基于语料库的隐喻研究:方法、问题与展望

语料库方法与隐喻理论相结合近年来已发展成为隐喻研究领域中的主流趋势。该方法为隐喻研究提供了实证性理据的支撑,拓宽了隐喻研究的范围,在一定程度上克服了早期隐喻研究在方法论层面的诸多缺陷与不足。然而这一研究范式在语料收集与识别等方面依然受到学界的质疑与挑战,具体表现在语料的检索方法、语料的代表性与平衡性及语料的间接性方面的问题。文章对这些问题进行了系统梳理与分析,并对未来的语料库隐喻研究提出了相关建议。     

雷公藤在免疫介导的炎症疾病中的应用:研究进展及展望

雷公藤作为中国传统药材的瑰宝,具有较强的抗炎及免疫抑制作用,临床上广泛应用于类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、肾脏疾病等自身免疫性及炎症性疾病。由于雷公藤对于自身免疫疾病疗效显著,且没有激素的副作用,近年来备受国内外研究者关注,大量研究开始探究其抗炎及免疫抑制的潜在机制。而雷公藤本身也存在毒副作用,限制了其在临床更广泛的应用。本文总结了近年来雷公藤在免疫相关炎性疾病临床应用情况,雷公藤抗炎和免疫调节的机制以及目前雷公藤减毒的方法,旨在更好地帮助临床医生及科研工作者理解雷公藤的生物特性及作用机制,为临床应用及推广提供参考依据。     

Constructivist research in educational technology: A retrospective view and future prospects

Along with a socially urgent impetus for revolutionary reform of an educational environment appropriate to the 21st century society, constructivism is highlighted in various fields related to education as an alternative educational ideology and approach. Despite its radical shift from traditional learning environments, and the diverse interpretation and understanding among scholars on the nature of constructivism, constructivism surely has brought out meaningful changes and developments in understanding how people learn. In light of this context, the present study aims to retrospectively review the last decade of constructivism, which will be followed by a brief prospective on its future in the next decade, simultaneously taking into account expectations as to how constructivism can stand firm as a theoretical basis for the digital age.     

CMOS技术的现状与展望综述

概述了几十年来集成电路基本单元CMOS晶体管特征尺寸的缩小以及由此带来电路性能的提高和出现的问题。其主要的挑战集中在研发成本的上升、能耗的增大和可靠性问题。阐明了驱动CMOS晶体管尺寸缩小的原因除了技术进步，更在于电路可售出成本的下降。     

当前校本教研制度建设的现状与问题的反思

校本教研符合国内外课程教学改革大潮的紧迫需求,是建国半个多世纪来学校发展成功举措的升华。校本研修活动在很大程度上打破了教师之间的相互孤立,提供了教师之间相互学习,彼此支持,寻找新知识与新经验来改进自身的实践,提高教育教学质量的机会,是顺利推进课程改革的关键。     

Auditory processing interventions and developmental dyslexia: a comparison of phonemic and rhythmic approaches

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two auditory processing interventions for developmental dyslexia, one based on rhythm and one based on phonetic training. Thirty-three children with dyslexia participated and were assigned to one of three groups (a) a novel rhythmic processing intervention designed to highlight auditory rhythmic information in non-speech and speech stimuli; (b) a commercially-available phoneme discrimination intervention; and (c) a no-intervention control. The intervention lasted for 6 weeks. Both interventions yielded equivalent and significant gains on measures of phonological awareness (at both rhyme and phoneme levels), with large effect sizes at the phoneme level. Both programs had medium effect sizes on literacy outcome measures, although gains were non-significant when compared to the controls. The data suggest that rhythmic training has an important role to play in developing the phonological skills that are critical for efficient literacy acquisition. It is suggested that combining both prosodic/rhythmic and phonemic cues in auditory training programs may offer advantages for children with developmental dyslexia. This may be especially true for those who appear resistant to conventional phonics training methods.