Identifying Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder with the WISC-R and the Stroop Color and Word Test

Twenty-nine children with a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) were compared to a group of 21 emotionally disturbed (ED) children and a control group (CO) of 20 nonproblem children. The meaures used in the comparison were the 12 subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). The results showed that the CO group was superior to the ADHD and ED groups and that the ED group performed better than the ADHD group on most of the variables. A stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that similar WISC-R subtests differentiated between the ADHD group and the ED and CO groups. Two measures of the SCWT helped in discriminating between the ADHD and ED groups, but not between the ADHD and CO groups. The authors discuss the meaning of these findings and their contribution to better understanding of the ADHD group, its specific cognitive processing, and its problems.     

发展性阅读障碍者的注意转换缺陷研究综述

发展性阅读障碍者的注意转换缺陷近十年来广受研究者关注.研究者发现阅读障碍者在注意转换上表现出时间延迟,并且时间延迟同时存在于多通道;阅读障碍者在注意转换的空间特点上表现出左视野忽视的左右空间加工不对称现象;阅读障碍者的注意转换时空缺损影响其词汇加工和阅读.在对阅读障碍者注意转换的未来研究中,应当排除无关变量对结果的干扰,同时控制被试选取、研究工具等,进一步明确注意转换缺损与阅读障碍者言语加工的关系.     

成人注意力缺陷多动障碍研究的文献计量分析

采用VOSviewer软件分析2015-2019年Web of Science平台核心合集中成人注意力缺陷多动障碍文献,发现研究集中于症状表现、诊断及评量、病理与治疗,热点为成人注意力缺陷多动障碍与共病障碍的相互作用、儿童研究产生之诊断评量工具对于成人的适用性、药物和心理治疗对成人的应用效果。未来研究可集中在探索该障碍在整个生命周期的变化、后果及干预,建立多维诊断评量模式,加强成人患者的治疗及效果等方面。     

数字化学习中注意力失焦的对策研究

在数字化学习中,长时间的互联网使用容易导致学生出现注意力失焦问题,学习专注、自我监控和计划、互联网使用的娱乐偏好是其关键影响因素。在此基础上构建注意力培养解决方案,包括自主型课堂教学、自我管理训练和互联网使用建议三个重要组成部分。通过设计实施单因素对比实验,对实验班进行教学干预,结果表明:利用注意力培养方案可以提高实验班学生的注意力品质,在注意力的稳定性和广度方面都有显著性作用,但在注意力的持续性、转移和集中性上作用有限。同时,该方案对于优等生的注意力提升具有明显效果,对于中等生和困难生则效果有限,尚需进一步研究。     

基于学校的儿童多动症综合干预

多动症是学龄儿童发病率最高的心理行为问题之一.基于学校的综合干预是由临床心理医生、心理教育研究人员、学校教师和家长分工合作,共同参与,主要在学校和家庭实施的,以认知行为辅导为主、药物干预为辅的干预模式.由于充分发挥了医、教两方面的优势,这一模式不仅能有效改善多动症的核心症状,还能对儿童各方面产生了良性引导,并能够建起较...     

Investigation of the Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to the EKN1 Gene on Chromosome 15q21

Recently a gene, termed EKN1, has been identified because of a chromosomal breakpoint that occurred in this gene. This chromosomal breakpoint was found in 4 family members that had specific reading disabilities (RDs), indicating that disruption of this gene may be contributing to the risk of developing RDs. This gene was further supported as contributing to RD by association studies. Because of the evidence from twin studies for shared genetic factors contributing to RD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly inattention symptoms, we investigated the relationship of DNA markers in this gene to ADHD and ADHD symptoms in a sample of 186 nuclear families (probands, their parents, and affected siblings) collected through a proband with ADHD. We used 6 polymorphic DNA markers located across the gene, including the 2 markers previously reported to be associated with RD in a Finnish sample and a marker associated with RD in a sample of families collected in Toronto. We found a trend for association for several markers to the ADHD phenotype analyzed as a categorical trait using the transmission disequilibrium test and significant evidence for biased transmission of the haplotypes containing these markers, χ²(3) = 9.312, p =. 025. Using quantitative analysis, we observed evidence for association of one of the haplotypes to the inattention and hyperactive/impulsive symptom dimensions as reported by parents and to the inattention symptoms as reported by teachers, as well as a trend for association with the reading phenotypes of word identification and decoding. The results provide preliminary support for the role of the EKN1 chromosomal region in ADHD, suggesting that this region may contribute to ADHD symptoms in addition to RD.     

Juvenile Delinquency and Attention Deficit Disorder: Boys'' Developmental Trajectories from Age 3 to Age 15

This article describes a longitudinal analysis of the behavior of a birth cohort of 435 boys. 4 groups were defined at age 13 on the basis of both self-reported delinquent behavior and professional diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder: ADD + delinquent, ADD only, delinquent only, and nondisordered. Biennial correlates of delinquency (antisocial behavior problems, verbal intelligence, reading difficulty, and family adversity) were traced across childhood. The ADD + delinquent boys consistently fared the worst on the assessments of family adversity, verbal intelligence, and reading. Their antisocial behavior began before school age, escalated at school entry, and persisted into adolescence. The ADD-only boys had normal family, intelligence, and reading scores, and showed only mild antisocial behavior in middle childhood. The delinquent-only boys showed no early risk from family, low intelligence, or reading deficit, and remained relatively free of conduct problems until they initiated delinquency at age 13. Persistence of criminal offending beyond adolescence is predicted for the ADD + delinquent boys.     

RNAi鉴定药物靶点及siRNAs治疗疾病

RNAi是与靶基因序列同源的双链RNA（dsRNA）所诱导的一种特异性基因沉默现象。RNAi是生物体进化过程中抵御外来基因和病毒感染的进化保守机制,是真核生物中存在的一种抗病毒入侵、抑制转座子活动、调控基因表达的监控机制,具有重大生物学意义。RNA干扰技术的发现及其作为基因敲除工具在模式生物、哺乳动物细胞和体内的成功应用的例子确保了它在药学研究中的作用。越来越多的研究显示RNAi在药物研发中显示出极大潜力,目前已有部分RNAi药物进入临床试验阶段。本文将从两个方面来论述RNAi在药学的应用：一是RNAi在药物靶点鉴定中的运用;二是siRNAs作为药物在疾病治疗中的作用。     

基于家庭动力学的儿童注意缺陷多动障碍干预研究

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种常见的儿童行为障碍,主要表现为注意力分散、活动过多和冲动行为。本文基于家庭动力学理论,对ADHD的病因、治疗和干预研究现状以及家庭开展的干预措施进行总结,为今后注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在家庭治疗和干预方面提供依据。     

Developmental Changes in Attention and Comprehension Among Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Changes in visual attention and story comprehension for children (N = 132) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comparison peers were examined. Between the ages of 7 and 9 (Phase 1) and approximately 21 months later (Phase 2), children viewed 2 televised stories: 1 in the presence of toys and 1 in their absence. Both groups of children showed developmental increases in visual attention and stable group differences over time. Deficits in comprehension among children with ADHD, however, increased over time. Whereas comparison children’s recall of factual and causal information increased over time in both viewing conditions, children with ADHD showed no developmental improvement in recall of factual information in the toys‐present condition and no improvement in recall of causal relations in either viewing condition.     

Using activity systems analysis to identify inner contradictions in teacher professional development

This study took place in the United States and explored teacher perspectives on the situational factors that influence their professional development using Engeström's (Engeström, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit Oy) four levels of inner contradictions in activity systems analysis. In this process, we addressed the question: what do teachers perceive as sources of conflicts in their professional development? Semi-structured interviews with participants were the primary data source in this study. By using this analysis method, the findings indicated that teachers perceived that their motivation and goals for participating in professional development were not in alignment with their school district and universities that designed and facilitated professional development activities. This misalignment contributed to various situational challenges that became obstacles for teachers to improve their classroom practices through curricular-based interventions.     

质量互变定理用于识别可拓学与集对分析的基础性错误

根据2007年笔者创立的可变集及其辩证法基本规律数学定理,识别可拓学(物元分析)与集对分析的基础性错误。指出可拓学的基础可拓集合关联函数等于零等概念与定义的错误。指出集对分析的中介不确定性等概念与定义,同异反联系度公式计算概率可能性的错误。     

Psychosocial Status of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities With and Without Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Some researchers suggest that having a learning disability (LD) may act as a risk factor, increasing the likelihood that adolescents experience more negative outcomes in many areas of their lives. However, researchers have yet to examine in one study how having LD with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to a comprehensive set of psychosocial variables across a diverse set of domains (e.g., peer, family, school, intrapersonal). The purpose of the present study was to address that limitation by comparing the perceptions of adolescents with LD (N= 230), with comorbid LD/ADHD (N= 92), and without LD or ADHD (N= 322) regarding their academic orientation, temperament, well‐being, loneliness, parental relationships, victimization, activities, and friendships. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that LD may indeed act as a risk factor increasing the likelihood of more negative outcomes. The results also indicate that for some psychosocial variables this likelihood may be increased in adolescents with comorbid LD/ADHD. The findings have important implications for stakeholders concerned about supporting adolescents with LD with and without comorbid ADHD.     

Memory modality differences in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder with and without learning disabilities

This study assesses information processing and memory functioning in 50 children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) with and without learning disabilities (LD). Mode of presentation (visual vs. auditory), type of memory processing (immediate, short-term, and long-term), and order of recall (ordered vs. unordered) were assessed using the Learning Efficiency Test-II (LET-II). Both groups demonstrated difficulty with auditory ordered recall and lost substantial information from immediate memory to short-term and long-term memory stores. The ADHD/LD group also demonstrated more difficulty with ordered recall than the ADHD only group. While there were no differences between the two groups in regard to immediate recall, the ADHD/LD group demonstrated more problems transferring information into short-term and long-term memory stores than the ADHD only group. Verbal interference effects significantly decreased retention for both visual and auditory processing. Results indicate that ADHD alone presents significant problems in information processing, but the comorbid effects of a learning disability further intensify the negative impact of ADHD. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Using simulation to identify sources of medical diagnostic error in child physical abuse

Little is known regarding sources of diagnostic error at the provider level in cases of possible child physical abuse. This study examines medical diagnosis as part of medical management and not as part of legal investigation. Simulation offers the opportunity to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and identify error sources. We aimed to identify sources of medical diagnostic error in cases of possible abuse by assessing diagnostic accuracy, identifying gaps in evaluation, and characterizing information used by medical providers to reach their diagnoses. Eight femur fracture simulation cases, half of which were abuse and half accident, were created. Providers from a tertiary pediatric emergency department participated in a simulation exercise involving 1 of the 8 cases. Performance was evaluated using structured scoring tools and debriefing, and qualitative analysis characterized participants’ rationales for their diagnoses. Overall, 39% of the 43 participants made an incorrect diagnosis regarding abuse. An incorrect diagnosis was over 8 times more likely to occur in accident than in abuse cases (OR = 8.8; 95% CI 2 to 39). Only 58% of participants correctly identified the fracture morphology, 60% correctly identified the mechanics necessary to generate the morphology, and 30% of ordered all appropriate tests for occult injury. In misdiagnoses, participants frequently falsely believed the injury did not match the proposed mechanism and the history provided by the caregiver had changed. Education programs targeting the identified error sources may result in fewer diagnostic errors and improve outcomes. The findings also support the need for referral to child abuse experts in many cases.     

Using eye-tracking technology to identify learning styles: Behaviour patterns and identification accuracy

Education and Information Technologies - Learning style theories have been widely used in adaptive learning systems to enhance learning outcomes. However, the previous studies on adaptive learning...     

A four-test short form of the WISC-R

A four-test short form of the WISC-R was developed on the basis of both rational and statistical criteria, using data from the representative standardization sample. The short-form comprised Arithmetic and Vocabulary from the Verbal Scale along with Picture Arrangement and Block Design from the Performance Scale. Various psychometric properties of the abbreviated battery were defined, and indicators of the short form's accuracy in predicting Full-Scale IQ (the standard error of estimate, effectiveness in classifying a child's intelligence level) were provided. A major topic of discussion was the use and abuse of short forms.     

A comparison of the WISC and WISC-R

So as to compare the results of the WISC and WISC-R, both instruments were administered to 58 children randomly selected from a school population of 583. All administration and scoring was performed by the same psychologist, with a two-month interval separating the administrations for each child. All IQs were significantly higher (p <.01) on the WISC, with the Performance difference being greater than the verbal difference. Also, 8 of the 10 required subtest scaled scores were significantly greater (p <.05) on the older instrument. Regression equations were obtained to predict WISC-R IQs from WISC scores.