Themes of Conflict Theory

ABSTRACT

Social workers regularly encounter clients involved in conflictual situations, yet little has been written to facilitate understanding and integration of conflict theory themes with practice. Ten themes and theorists of conflict are introduced in this model alongwith lists of triggers, contexts and case examples. The conflict pro-cess, fromwithdrawal of legitimacy and trust throughdecisions and choices toconsequences (outcomes) of conflict, is presented. The model is explained with a “highway” metaphor and provides applications of micro and macro practice for the classroom, staff development and continuing education efforts.     

Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants

This study explored both universal features and cultural variation in maternal speech. Japanese and American mothers' speech to infants at 6, 12, and 19 months was compared in a cross-sectional study of 60 dyads observed playing with toys at home. Mothers' speech in both cultures shared common characteristics, such as linguistic simplification and frequent repetition, and mothers made similar adjustments in their speech to infants of different ages. American mothers labeled objects more frequently and consistently than did Japanese mothers, while Japanese mothers used objects to engage infants in social routines more often than did American mothers. American infants had larger noun vocabularies than did Japanese infants, according to maternal report. The greater emphasis on object nouns in American mothers' speech is only partially attributable to structural differences between Japanese and English. Cultural differences in interactional style and beliefs about child rearing strongly influence the structure and content of speech to infants.     

Current Concerns in Validity Theory

We are at the end of the first century of work on models of educational and psychological measurement and into a new millennium. This certainly seems like an appropriate time for looking backward and looking forward in assessment. Furthermore, a new edition of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, & NCME, 1999) has been published, and the previous editions of the Standards have served as benchmarks in the development of measurement theory.
This backward glance will be just that, a glance. After a brief historical review focusing mainly on construct validity, the current state of validity theory will be summarized, with an emphasis on the role of arguments in validation. Then how an argument-based approach might be applied will be examined in regards to two issues in validity theory: the distinction between performance-based and theory-based interpretations, and the role of consequences in validation.     

Accounting for Cheating: An Evolving Theory and Emergent Themes

This study examines student responses to the question, “What circumstances, if any, could make cheating justified?” It then assesses how well those responses can be classified by existing theories and categories that emerge from a qualitative analysis of the data. Results show considerable support for techniques of neutralization, partial support for the accounts perspective, and further insights from emergent categories. Reasons offered by students as justifications for cheating serve both rational decision making and post-hoc rationalizations. Policies designed to promote academic integrity must address both of those. The rational decision making view suggests an implicit contract between instructor and student that offers opportunities for reducing cheating by clarifying expectations for students and by designing courses that live up to the instructor’s side of that contract. The rationalizing view reinforces the need for consistent enforcement of clear standards.     

诺丁斯“关心理论”中的教授关心主题

文章主要阐述诺丁斯关心理论的观点之一——教授关心主题，分析了教授关心主题的原因及意义、选择和组织这种主题的方法及所需的教育制度上的改进，并在此基础上对我国的德育进行了深入的思考，以期对我国的德育工作有所启发和借鉴。     

心理与教育测量中效度理论的重建

效度问题是人类测量活动中最重要也是最困难的一个问题。本文首先从效度的概念与分类、效度的理论公式以及效度的评估方法等三个方面讨论了经典效度理论存在的弊端，然后针对这三个方面提出了相应的改进意见，在一定程度上实现了效度理论的重建。     

试论邓小平时代主题观科学体系的建构

邓小平关于“和平与发展是当代世界主题”的论断,是邓小平理论的重要组成部分,是我国社会主义市场经济发展必然面对的外部环境中最根本性的问题,是作为各个层次的决策者、执行者对世界政治经济的主要内客和基本走向的最高层次的战略判断,是一个政党正确制定国内外方针政策的基本出发点之一。     

论通讯的主题及其提炼

通讯的主题是通讯作品所表达的中心思想或基本观点,它是通讯的灵魂和统帅;通讯的主题要正确、鲜明、新颖、集中、深刻;对通讯主题的提炼,要从事实出发,从全局着眼,从身边入手.     

学前教育乐理课堂教学存在的问题及对策

乐理课程是学前教育专业学生学习音乐课的理论基础,对学生音乐素养的提升具有重要意义,但当前学前教育乐理课堂教学中却存在种种问题,严重制约了乐理课堂教学的有效性。为了调动起学生学习乐理知识和技能的兴趣,需要教师采取各种方式打造高效的学前教育乐理课堂,将枯燥的乐理知识以更加形象、更加直观的方式传递给学生,从而为学生奠定坚实的乐理知识基础,为学习其他门类的音乐做好充分的准备。     

提高在职教师培训有效性的理论探讨

教育是一个使教育者和受教育者变得更完善的职业,而且只有当教育者自觉地完善自己时,才能更有利于学生的完善与发展。在职教师培训是完善教育者的一种方法。如何让现阶段的教师培训更有效,让教师培训切实成为教师的教育实践与教育教学理论沟通的桥梁,通过从课堂的评价——理论学习——反思教学——校本研修这四个环节入手,对提高培训的有效性进行一定的理论探讨。     

提高在职教师培训有效性的理论探讨

教育是一个使教育者和受教育者变得更完善的职业，而且只有当教育者自觉地完善自己时，才能更有利于学生的完善与发展。在职教师培训是完善教育者的一种方法。如何让现阶段的教师培训更有效，让教师培训切实成为教师的教育实践与教育教学理论沟通的桥梁，通过从课堂的评价——理论学习——反思教学——校本研修这四个环节入手，对提高培训的有效性进行一定的理论探讨。     

劳动价值论普适性解读

时代的变化,使当今的劳动及其价值出现了许多不同于马克思创立劳动价值论时的新特点。在新的时代背景下,劳动价值论没有也决不会“过时”,它依然是诠释商品价值最具普遍适应性和惟一正确性的理论。     

基于集对论和信息论双重约束下提升高校教师评估的有效性

目前全国各高校都十分重视教学质量的评估和考核,如何根据对高校教师的教学效果进行科学、合理、准确地评估是非常值得探讨的问题。本文通过对某一高校现行评估模式存在的问题进行研究,结合集对分析理论,探讨高校的教学效果评估设计的新思路和新方法。     

Contemporary Test Validity in Theory and Practice: A Primer for Discipline-Based Education Researchers

Most discipline-based education researchers (DBERs) were formally trained in the methods of scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and physics, rather than social science disciplines such as psychology and education. As a result, DBERs may have never taken specific courses in the social science research methodology—either quantitative or qualitative—on which their scholarship often relies so heavily. One particular aspect of (quantitative) social science research that differs markedly from disciplines such as biology and chemistry is the instrumentation used to quantify phenomena. In response, this Research Methods essay offers a contemporary social science perspective on test validity and the validation process. The instructional piece explores the concepts of test validity, the validation process, validity evidence, and key threats to validity. The essay also includes an in-depth example of a validity argument and validation approach for a test of student argument analysis. In addition to DBERs, this essay should benefit practitioners (e.g., lab directors, faculty members) in the development, evaluation, and/or selection of instruments for their work assessing students or evaluating pedagogical innovations.     

以人为本 增强马克思主义理论教育的有效性

以人为本,是科学发展观的核心,同时也应该是高校马克思主义理论教育的核心。胡锦涛总书记提出过"如何更有效地用马克思主义理论武装大学生头脑,引导大学生树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观"问题。目前高校思想政治教育有效性不足的情况,要求以人为本必须是所有高校教师进行思想政治教育的出发点和目的地,关注学生的需求,解决实际问题,增强高校马克思主义理论教育的有效性,从而实现大学生的全面发展。