青年学生艾滋病相关危险因素调查与干预对策分析

采用问卷方式调查了1117名青年学生,内容涉及艾滋病相关知识、危险行为、性行为态度及影响因素等,结果显示,学生对艾滋病相关知识掌握不全、性观念开放、自我保护意识差、安全套使用比率低、对艾滋病感染者存在不同程度的恐惧和歧视心理,就如何加强健康教育和行为干预、普及预防艾滋病知识和性健康知识提出了相应措施。     

美国中小学艾滋病教育管窥

文章首先介绍了美国开展艾滋病教育的几个原则．之后结合美国疾病探制及预防中心开展的艾滋病教育调查介绍了美国艾滋病教育的总体概况．最后以最具代表性的纽约市作为个案介绍了地方是如何开展艾滋病教育的。     

美国艾滋病教育的主要内容

美国的公立学校在开展艾滋病教育时，通常与性教育和健康教育结合在一起，让学生们在对高度危险的传染病有所认识的前提下．更加珍惜健康，从而对自己的行为负责。美国的性教育不仅包括基本的性知识，还包括一些能让学生做出正确决定的技巧，比如如何面对意外怀孕，如何防止性传播疾病和艾滋病，以便学生对性行为的后果有深刻认识，并且当后果出现时，能沉着地应对。     

某高校医学生艾滋病知识来源与态度调查分析

目的：了解高校医学生艾滋病知识的获得途径及其对艾滋病的态度。方法：采用问卷调查方法对某高校医学生作抽样调查。结果：报刊杂志、广播电视、朋友同学、教师与教材是高校医学生获得艾滋病知识的主要途径，其中报刊杂志、电视、老师讲课是他们最喜爱的方式，生病打针时针具消毒不严格与周围有HIV感染者存在是医学生担心自己被HIV感染的主要原因，大多数医学生的求医行为正确，但部分学生对艾滋病的心理随能力差，心理复杂，对HIV感染者或艾滋病病人的态度也不太理想。结论：在对高校医学生进行艾滋病健康教育时，要充分利用其喜爱接受方式，加强医学生的患病行为的指导和行为道德的教育力度，加强心理健康教育。     

同伴教育视域下的高校预防艾滋病教育途径探析——基于临沧师范高等专科学校的实证研究

预防艾滋病教育受限于社会发展、高校预防艾滋病教育的现状、高校大学生的身心特征等因素,教育效果不显著。同伴教育以较强的文化适宜性和普遍的可接受性,具有较高的投入和产出比,被引入高校预防艾滋病教育中,可有效提高大学生预防艾滋病知识的知晓率,易于实现100%知晓率的目标;能有效改变学生歧视艾滋病的态度,吸引更多的人加入预防艾滋病教育队伍中;可教会学生熟练掌握相关预防艾滋病的技能,从而远离艾滋病。     

体验式培训:开启心灵之门的艺术--中美心理辅导教师培训模式的差异

随着学生的心理健康问题逐渐被社会所重视,学校越来越需要了解学生心理、能为学生心理健康成长提供指导与帮助的教师.国内外一些心理健康教育机构纷纷举办各类学校心理辅导教师培训,本人有幸参加了三期国内、三期国外心理教育机构主办的学校心理辅导教师培训.后者是由美国中美精神心理研究所主办,由美国著名心理辅导专家、中美精神心理研究所教授张宝蕊博士授课.在培训中,我体验到与国内侧重"讲座式"培训不同,美国教育机械的培训更倾向于"体验式".以下是我对体验式培训的几点认识:     

积极心理学视角下的心理健康教育研究

新世纪之交,于美国兴起的积极心理学将心理研究与教育重点放在实现和促进人们心理的发展方面,与我国探索解决当前学生心理健康教育问题存在多方面的契合点。本文拟在积极心理学视角下探析当前我国学生心理健康教育存在的缺陷与新的教育模式构建。一、积极心理学的概念与主要观点积极心理学是当前在美国盛行的心理学界新兴研究领     

我国社会工作学生介入高校艾滋病教育的实践及模式探索

当前艾滋病的威胁依然严峻,高校大学生群体是潜在的艾滋病威胁对象,对高校大学生进行艾滋病教育,势在必行.文章将重点定位在高校社会工作专业的学生上,从高校开展艾滋病教育的必要性入手,分析了高校社会工作专业学生进行艾滋病宣传教育的优势,阐述了社会工作学生在高校开展艾滋病宣传教育的具体实践,最后尝试着探索出一条能促进高校社会工作学生更好地介入艾滋病宣传教育的新型模式.     

衢州地区高职学生艾滋病相关知识认知状况调查

了解衢州地区高职学生艾滋病相关知识认知情况,为有效开展高职学生艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法:按照分层整群抽样的方法对衢州地区2所高职院校502名不同专业学生进行问卷调查。结果:艾滋病相关基础知识,医药类专业学生总体知晓率80%,非医药类学生总体知晓率为65.5%。两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);艾滋病相关法律知识,医药类专业学生总体知晓率60.9%,非医药类学生总体知晓率为54.7%。两者知晓率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:衢州地区高职学生艾滋病基础知识认知水平总体良好,但相关法律知识认知情况不容乐观,应积极探索并构建艾滋病健康教育平台,有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育。     

参与式教学法在高校预防艾滋病教育中的作用——基于临沧师范高等专科学校的实证研究

参与式教学法是提高高校预防艾滋病教育效果的有效方法,是大学生预防艾滋病教育的客观要求,是高校预防艾滋病教育自身的内在要求。在高校预防艾滋病教育中运用参与式教学法,能激发学生的学习兴趣,促使学生积极主动思考,在轻松的氛围中掌握AIDS的相关知识,促进其态度和行为的改变,从而培养其健康的生活方式,增强自我保护意识和抵御艾滋病侵袭的能力。     

中美学校性教育比较研究简

青少年在向成人过渡的过程中没能在性方面做好充分准备,容易受到性胁迫、性虐待及艾滋病等性传播疾病的伤害,通过性健康教育计划来改变这一现状是各国的普遍做法.美国学校性教育特色显著,对处于探索与发展阶段的中国学校性教育具有借鉴意义.因此,比较研究中关两国学校性教育,对开展和扩大我国性教育计划,探索有效的学校性教育途径具有重要意义.     

Gender Relations and the Production of Difference in School-based Sexuality and HIV/AIDS Education in Australia

HIV/AIDS discourses have not only made people aware of HIV as a disease entity but have opened up new ways of thinking and talking about sex and sexuality. This article draws on findings from an evaluation of a pilot sexuality education programme, conducted in secondary schools in Victoria (Australia), to examine gender relations and the production of difference. Participating schools were required to incorporate teaching and learning experiences which normalised and affirmed sexual diversity and explored issues around HIV-related discrimination and homophobia. Two examples, gender, power and menstruation and heterosexism and homophobia, are used to analyse the language and practices students engage in as part of the process of achieving a (hetero)sexual identity. It is argued that HIV/AIDS education and sexuality education, more broadly defined, presents a particular challenge to dominant forms of masculinity and that programmes need to address gender, power and heterosexuality and its discontents if they are to have a positive impact on HIV-related discrimination and homophobia.     

Can we use young people’s knowledge to develop teachers and HIV-related education?

Despite recent progress in meeting the goals of the Education for All agenda, certain groups of young people are particularly vulnerable to exclusion and underachievement, including children with HIV/AIDS, children living in poverty, and children with disabilities. HIV/AIDS has reduced many young people’s rights to access education, to live a full and healthy life, and to have a life as a child. This article focuses on attempts to continue to empower young people to protect themselves from HIV by exploring the dynamics around HIV-related education in schools, in particular by examining the role that young people’s knowledge can play in improving curricula and thus reducing HIV/AIDS rates. The authors draw on qualitative research in a total of eight schools in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Preliminary findings suggest that pupil consultation and dialogue can be used to inform thinking on the curriculum for HIV education.     

‘I don’t want to catch it’. Boys,girls and sexualities in an HIV/AIDS environment

This paper examines young South African school children’s understanding of HIV/AIDS. Based on ethnographic work in two schools in Greater Durban, it explores the impact of HIV/AIDS on the ways in which gender and sexuality are articulated against the backdrop of race and class specific contexts. The first part of the paper examines the children’s discourses of sex, sexuality and HIV/AIDS. We show that young children’s meanings of sex, sexuality and are not straightforward and are actively produced and defined through a range of social processes. These processes shape the extent to which young children experience sexuality within discourses of fear and pleasure. Young children’s meanings of HIV/AIDS are explored in the second part of the paper. Here we show how their knowledge of HIV/AIDS is socially structured through class/race and gender and these forms of social relations provide the framing and reference points for children’s constructions of meanings around HIV/AIDS. We finish the paper by raising some theoretical and practical/political questions about the implications of what we have found for HIV/AIDS education in South Africa.     

HIV/AIDS and Education: a study on how a selection of school governing bodies in Mpumalanga understand,respond to and implement legislation and policies on HIV/AIDS

Very little research has been done in South Africa on HIV/AIDS and education. This article is a small attempt to plug the gap. The purpose of the research is to investigate the legal and policy provisions and implications regarding HIV/AIDS for rural and township schools in the Mpumalanga district of South Africa. It seeks to answer three questions: (1) What is the status of policy and legislation on HIV/AIDS and Education in South Africa? (2) How do schools understand, respond to and manage issues of law and policy regarding HIV/AIDS? (3) What are the possible areas of conflict between legal and policy provisions and educational practices and behaviours? After examining the different laws relating to HIV/AIDS and education in South Africa a case study approach is used to explore the research questions in a number of rural and township schools. The findings highlighted a general ignorance of basic human rights issues, the right to confidentiality, the right to security from discrimination if it is known that a teacher or a pupil is HIV positive, the right to privacy and the right, under certain circumstances, to disclosure. The findings also reveal a distance between policy and practice so that schools need to develop vigilance with respect to any legal challenges that they might face at a local level. The findings also show that governing bodies should be made aware of the general legal issues surrounding the individual and HIV/AIDS before they can introduce fair and balanced policies.     

AIDS and Democratic Education in Uganda

Education remains the effective way of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Drawing on a study of AIDS education in Uganda, data showed an exclusive curriculum characterised by denial of knowledge, marginalisation of young people (especially girls), lack of straight means for questioning the subject content, and the failure to inform. Possible pedagogies emerge to address the problem of the spread of AIDS in young people. This article discusses the AIDS pedagogy and democratic education in Ugandan schools by examining possibilities using three illustrations derived from action research: pupil participation in curriculum formulation, pupils setting the agenda for AIDS education delivery and individual choice of AIDS education. The realities of teenage sexuality were being addressed with positive responses to the AIDS curriculum. Action research offered the opportunity for a democratic pedagogy and learning--fundamental to young people's response to the AIDS curriculum and adoption of safer sexual practices.     

受AIDS影响儿童的教育问题及其对策

从艾滋病的特征入题,在确定本文受AIDS影响儿童涉及范围的基础上,分析了受AIDS影响儿童的主要形势:受AIDS影响儿童的数量呈上升趋势;中国受AIDS影响儿童的数量有上百万.通过一些典型数据分析了受AIDS影响儿童受教育的不良现状.导致这种现状的原因主要是社会歧视和经济制约.因此,学校要转变对受AIDS影响儿童的歧视态度,接纳受AIDS影响儿童入学并使其享受平等的教育;国家和社会则要投入经费,提高受AIDS影响儿童的入学率;建构保障受AIDS影响儿童受教育权的法规体系;积极探索综合型的受AIDS影响儿童教育模式.     

The State of Sexual Health Education in U.S. Medicine

Although studies have shown that patients want to receive sexual health services from their physicians, doctors often lack the knowledge and skills to discuss sexual health with their patients. There is little consistency among medical schools and residency programs in the United States regarding comprehensiveness of education on sexual health. Sexuality education in U.S. medical schools and residency programs is reviewed, highlighting schools that go beyond the national requirements for sexuality education. Increasing the amount of sexuality instruction provided for medical education and training, standardizing sexuality education requirements in medical school and residency programs, incorporating different learning models, establishing means of consistently assessing and evaluating sexuality knowledge and skills, and creating national certification standards for the practice of sexual medicine are recommended.     

Perceptual Influence of Ugandan Biology Students’ Understanding of HIV/AIDS

In Uganda, curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS has largely depended on public and private media messages about the disease. Media campaigns based on Uganda’s cultural norms of communication are metaphorical, analogical and simile-like. The topic of HIV/AIDS has been introduced into the Senior Three (Grade 11) biology curriculum in Uganda. To what extent do students’ pre-conceptions of the disease, based on these media messages influence students’ development of conceptual understanding of the disease, its transmission and prevention? Of significant importance is the impact the conceptions students have developed from the indirect media messages on classroom instruction on HIV/AIDS. The study is based in a theoretical framework of conceptual change in science learning. An interpretive case study to determine the impact of Ugandan students’ conceptions or perceptions on classroom instruction about HIV/AIDS, involving 160 students aged 15–17, was conducted in four different Ugandan high schools: girls boarding, boys boarding, mixed boarding, and mixed day. Using questionnaires, focus group discussions, recorded biology lessons and informal interviews, students’ preconceptions of HIV/AIDS and how these impact lessons on HIV/AIDS were discerned. These preconceptions fall into four main categories: religious, political, conspiracy and traditional African worldviews. Results of data analysis suggest that students’ prior knowledge is persistent even after biology instructions. This has implications for current teaching approaches, which are mostly teacher-centred in Ugandan schools. A rethinking of the curriculum with the intent of offering science education programs that promote understanding of the science of HIV/AIDS as opposed to what is happening now—insensitivity to misconceptions about the disease—is needed.     

Vulnerable children,communities and schools: lessons from three HIV/AIDS affected areas

The growing number of children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS threatens the achievement of Education for All (EFA) and Millennium Development goals. Policy recommendations assign schools key roles in meeting the needs of vulnerable children, but there is a dearth of evidence about how vulnerable children and schools interact in AIDS affected communities. Case studies of schools and vulnerable children in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe show that although schools are materially and symbolically well‐positioned to serve as the institutional base to meet the needs of vulnerable children, schools are not accountable for these children and have not reorganised or built capacity to meet their special needs. The Malawi and Zimbabwe cases show that elimination of fees, passive open door policies and exhortations are insufficient measures to bring and keep these children in school. The Kenya case study suggests that investments in long term, well‐resourced local partnerships can be effective.