注意的多通道信息处理过程

从神经生理学的角度对以往有关的注意信息分配理论模型进行分析,提出了注意的“网状上行激动系统门控模型”以及相关的神经生理学理论依据。期望在一定程度上达到对注意的分配理论去粗取精、去伪存真的目的。     

Laterality,Implicit Memory and Attention Disorder

Children who presented behaviours characteristic of attention disorder/hyper‐activity deficit (ADHD), but who were functioning adequately in ordinary schools, were assessed on a range of tests including some focused particularly on cognitive abilities, including verbal and figural aspects of problem solving and creativity. An attempt was made to replicate an earlier study, incorporating refinements to the manner in which pupils were selected from the schools. In spite of cultural differences, the pattern of results substantially duplicated the earlier findings, suggesting a stable pattern of characteristics associated with ADHD and high intelligence. Specifically these children were found to have more mixed laterality and allergies, to gather and use more diverse, nonverbal and poorly focused information, and to show higher figural creativity than did high‐IQ children without attention problems. It was concluded that uncommon information was made use of by ADHD children when exhibiting novelty in nonverbal thinking. This supports Geschwind's prediction that high talent would be found in some types of learning‐disordered individuals.     

体育旅游如何重视信息化

通过分析和研究信息在体育旅游中的重要作用,对信息化在促进体育旅游的发展中所起的作用提出建议,以利于体育旅游进一步地蓬勃发展。     

序列信息加工的工作记忆研究

关于工作记忆如何加工记忆客体的序列信息一直以来都是心理学研究的热点问题,研究者试图从人类认知和行为研究中寻找证据。就前人认为工作记忆中的客体及其序列信息是独立存储的实验证据进行讨论,进一步阐述工作记忆如何加工序列信息提出的多种理论模型,并就各种模型的优缺点做了进一步的分析。     

Attention,Working Memory,and Long-Term Memory in Multimedia Learning: An Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory

Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions.     

Preschoolers' Spontaneous Emotion Vocabulary: Relations to Likability

Although there has been growing interest in the development of emotion, a surprisingly small amount of research deals with the vocabulary children use to refer to emotions. In the present study, we examined differences in children's spontaneous use of emotion vocabulary during their naturally-occurring peer interactions and explored these differences in relation to their likability as assessed by their peers. Preschoolers were observed in their interactions with other children and their utterances containing emotion words were recorded. The content, form, and pragmatic function of these emotion words then were analyzed. It was found that with increasing age, emotion vocabulary became more differentiated and complex. Moreover, children who used a larger number of different emotion words, made more references to others' emotional states, and used emotion vocabulary for social functions, were more liked by their peers. Discussion focused on understanding young children's use of emotion vocabulary, the contributions it makes to the quality of their social interactions, and the implications of these for early educators.     

智力落后者的记忆的信息加工研究

对智力落后者的瞬间记忆(VSIM)、初级记忆(PM)、二级记忆(SM)和三级记忆(TM)的研究表明，智力落后者的记忆加工在输入、储存和输出方面存在困难，而组织策略使用的缺乏也是导致其智力低下的一个因素。     

Long-Term Memory for Context-Specific Category Information at Six Months

The ability of 6-month-old infants to remember a functional category acquired in a specific context was assessed in 3 experiments via an operant procedure in which infants learned to perform a specific action (a footkick) to activate an object suspended before them. In Experiment 1, infants trained with different exemplars in the same context transferred responding to a novel exemplar in the same but not a different context 24 hours later. Experiment 2 revealed that infants' reactivated memory of category training remained intact and context-specific after 3 weeks. In Experiment 3, a novel category exemplar was able to reactivate the forgotten memory of category training only in the encoding context. At 6 months, information about the place where categories are constructed is prerequisite for retrieval of a category concept from long-term memory. This requirement insures that early category concepts remain stable over relatively long periods.     

Preschoolers' use of number words to denote one-to-one correspondence

Preschoolers' use of number words to denote one-to-one correspondence was assessed by 2 tasks. In the matching task, the children matched 2 sets to determine whether they could be put in one-to-one correspondence and then judged whether the same number word should be used to denote both sets. In the counting task, the children counted 2 sets and used the final number words of the count to determine whether the sets could be put in one-to-one correspondence. Most 4-year-olds and some 3 1/2-year-olds use number words to denote one-to-one correspondence in each of these tasks. These findings are related to previous research.     

高校要重视实验教学的信息收集与利用

加强对学生实验教学过程中信息收集,为实验室建设和实验教学改革提供重要依据,避免盲目建设和改革,提高实验教学的效果和质量,培养出更多更好的高素质人才.     

学生课堂学习注意力和记忆力调查分析及教学讨论

通过调查表的调查和分析，学生课堂学习的注意力和记忆力的品质各时段不相同，教师可根据课堂各时段学生注意力和记忆力的特点、心理原因及品质，科学地设计教案，实施教学。     

文本关注与时代关注——马克思哲学研究中两种对话范式比较

文本的解释性对话与时代的问题式对话是马克思主义哲学研究中的两种不同的对话范式,它们代表着深化马克思主义研究的两种不同价值取向和目标诉求,前者力图通过对文本的悉心研读,客观地把握马克思本人的思想;而后者更关心的是如何激活马克思的思想方法在当代的意义。虽然两种思路差异明显,但并不是二元对立,两者之间存在着借鉴与互补的关系。     

Orienting Attention Within Visual Short‐Term Memory: Development and Mechanisms

How does developing attentional control operate within visual short‐term memory (VSTM)? Seven‐year‐olds, 11‐year‐olds, and adults (total n = 205) were asked to report whether probe items were part of preceding visual arrays. In Experiment 1, central or peripheral cues oriented attention to the location of to‐be‐probed items either prior to encoding or during maintenance. Cues improved memory regardless of their position, but younger children benefited less from cues presented during maintenance, and these benefits related to VSTM span over and above basic memory in uncued trials. In Experiment 2, cues of low validity eliminated benefits, suggesting that even the youngest children use cues voluntarily, rather than automatically. These findings elucidate the close coupling between developing visuospatial attentional control and VSTM.     

大学图书馆应重视对学生文献信息获取能力的培养

长期以来大学图书馆对学生文献信息获取能力的培养没有放到重要位置,图书馆的服务仅仅局限为被动服务,大部分学生在校期间除了掌握课堂及书本上的知识外,基本不会利用或获取其他的文献信息,学生文献信息获取能力差。为此,在网络环境下,高校图书馆对学生的文献信息获取能力培养就显得尤为迫切。     

Response Inhibition,Memory, and Attention in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Newly developed measures of response inhibition, verbal and non-verbal memory, and attention were applied to a sample of boys diagnosed with ADHD (n = 50; 14 predominantly inattentive type and 36 combined type) with no diagnosed comorbid conditions, who had received no stimulant medication for a minimum period of 20 hours prior to test administration. Performance was assessed relative to 50 individually age-matched control boys. Results revealed significant multivariate group differences on all three tests, supported by univariate effects on measures of verbal memory and attentional switching. In all cases, ADHD boys performed more poorly than the control boys. However, contrary to expectations, boys with ADHD made significantly fewer impulsive responses (false positives) on the specific measure of response, despite recording significantly more misses than the controls. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed according to ADHD subtype. The present research therefore demonstrates and more fully characterises the nature of the observed memory and attentional impairments in boys with ADHD and would appear to have clear implications for education and the further development of theory.     

幼儿社会退缩游戏干预的个案研究

研究采用个案研究的方法,探讨在生态化的环境中,在专业研究人员的指导下,由幼儿教师编制并实施幼儿集体游戏,通过改善人际关系和提升退缩幼儿自我效能感来消除幼儿的社会退缩行为的可能性。结果显示,游戏干预不仅改变了退缩幼儿的交往质量,而且提高了其适应水平。最后,文章从角色游戏和退缩幼儿自我效能感的提升上阐迷了游戏干预的机制。     

批判性思维与长时记忆信息提取

批判性思维对于学生培养各方面能力具有至关重要的作用,体现在纷繁复杂的学科知识面前如何有效地甄别知识、汲取知识、内化知识,提升认知能力。该文基于对批判性思维的探讨研究得出批判性思维对于促进长时记忆,有效地内化知识具有重要影响。文末对于教师如何培养学生批判性思维的教学策略上提出一些建议。     

The Relations of Emotionality and Regulation to Preschoolers' Social Skills and Sociometric Status

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of emotionality (intensity and negative emotion) and regulation (coping and attentional regulation) to preschoolers' social skills (as rated by adults) and sociometric status. Teachers' ratings of children's constructive coping and attentional control were positively related to boys' social skills and peer status, whereas negative affect was negatively related. Acting out (vs. avoidant) coping and emotional intensity were negatively related to girls' and boys' social skills and boys' peer status. In addition, mothers' reports of boys' coping by seeking social support and low emotional intensity were associated with boys' positive social functioning, whereas avoidant coping was positively related to girls' rated social skills. The results are discussed in relation to research on emotion regulation and coping with emotion in interpersonal contexts.     

城市记忆信息资源建设研究

对城市记忆信息资源的概念进行了界定,分析了城市记忆信息资源的特征、分布及类型,并从规划、选择与采集、数字化和共建共享四方面,论述了城市记忆信息资源建设的方法.     

高等学校须重视学生的情报素质教育

由高校的素质教育谈到了当前大学生情报素质问题,并通过我国发生的某些情况,说明了情报素质的重要。认为高校应加强大学生的情报素质教育。