Preschoolers' Attention to Print During Shared Book Reading

Seventy-six children ages 3 to 5 were individually read two storybooks that had been specially formatted to contain salient printed words within the text, and illustrations and text on left or right-facing pages. The reader pointed to each word while reading to half of the children. After each book, children were asked to recognize elements of the illustrations and the specially formatted text elements from among a set of foils. Videotaped sessions were coded for the time children spent looking toward the pages with print versus illustrations. Analyses showed that the percentage of time looking at print was less than 2% in the no-pointing condition but increased with age. Pointing to the words increased print-looking time for all age groups and print target recognition for 4-year-olds. After controlling for receptive vocabulary, visual memory, and maturation associated with these scores, emergent orthography and letter-word identification predicted time looking at print and recognition of the print elements.     

注意的多通道信息处理过程

从神经生理学的角度对以往有关的注意信息分配理论模型进行分析，提出了注意的“网状上行激动系统门控模型”以及相关的神经生理学理论依据。期望在一定程度上达到对注意的分配理论去粗取精、去伪存真的目的。     

Laterality,Implicit Memory and Attention Disorder

Children who presented behaviours characteristic of attention disorder/hyper‐activity deficit (ADHD), but who were functioning adequately in ordinary schools, were assessed on a range of tests including some focused particularly on cognitive abilities, including verbal and figural aspects of problem solving and creativity. An attempt was made to replicate an earlier study, incorporating refinements to the manner in which pupils were selected from the schools. In spite of cultural differences, the pattern of results substantially duplicated the earlier findings, suggesting a stable pattern of characteristics associated with ADHD and high intelligence. Specifically these children were found to have more mixed laterality and allergies, to gather and use more diverse, nonverbal and poorly focused information, and to show higher figural creativity than did high‐IQ children without attention problems. It was concluded that uncommon information was made use of by ADHD children when exhibiting novelty in nonverbal thinking. This supports Geschwind's prediction that high talent would be found in some types of learning‐disordered individuals.     

体育旅游如何重视信息化

通过分析和研究信息在体育旅游中的重要作用,对信息化在促进体育旅游的发展中所起的作用提出建议,以利于体育旅游进一步地蓬勃发展。     

Very Long-Term Memory for Information Taught in School

Students who completed a Child Development course (N = 1168) from 3 to 16 years prior to retention testing were tested for recognition and recall of facts and application of mental skills. Students who subsequently served as course tutors were also tested for retention. Fact retention was superior to application retention and retention for both question types declined rapidly from year 3 to year 7 after which it stabilized. Recognition items were superior to recall items for high achieving students only. Tutors retained more than non-tutors for eight years after which there were no differences.     

Preschoolers' Ability to Adopt Justice and Care Orientations to Moral Dilemmas

This study examined the moral reasoning that preschoolers use in resolving moral dilemmas. Children's resolutions and justifications were examined with regard to their care orientation and their justice orientation. Thirty-one preschool children participated in the study (18 girls, 13 boys). Children were each read 4 stone containing moral dilemmas and were asked to resolve these dilemmas. The results indicated that children's answers revealed a care orientation or a justice orientation with equal frequency. At times, children could even accept both orientations to the same dilemma. The data analysis also revealed no gender differences in moral orientation. Results are discussed in terms of children's social-cognitive abilities. Educational implications are also raised.     

序列信息加工的工作记忆研究

关于工作记忆如何加工记忆客体的序列信息一直以来都是心理学研究的热点问题,研究者试图从人类认知和行为研究中寻找证据。就前人认为工作记忆中的客体及其序列信息是独立存储的实验证据进行讨论,进一步阐述工作记忆如何加工序列信息提出的多种理论模型,并就各种模型的优缺点做了进一步的分析。     

Older Adults' Memory for Verbally Presented Medical Information

Previous research demonstrates that patients typically have difficulty remembering information presented during healthcare consultations. This study examined how older adults learn and remember verbally presented medical information. Healthy older adults were tested for recall in experimental and field settings. Participants viewed a five-minute video of a simulated healthcare consultation and completed free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory tasks. Differences in performance were observed between older and younger adults in the experimental condition on all memory tasks and in the field condition on the cued recall task; older adults tended to remember less information than younger adults. Though older adults had difficulty spontaneously recalling medical information, they were able to take advantage of cues to access verbally learned information. Findings of this study highlight the importance of developing and implementing measures to maximize the abilities of older adults to learn and remember important medical information communicated by healthcare providers.     

Children's Attention to and Comprehension of Explicit versus Implicit Information on Television

The present study focused primarily on children's processing of two different kinds of information contained in two animations. The two animations were divided into 24 and 10 sections. Each section was classified as an explicit or implicit section concerning the derivation of the answer to the question based on each section. The subjects were 48 kindergartners (aged 4 and 5) who were divided into two groups to view these two animations. The group receiving a distraction stimulus (slides projected on a curtain) was designated as the distractors group while the other with no distractors was designated as the no‐distractors group. The results for children of both age 4 and 5 fell into three categories. (1) Distractive slides significantly reduced children's visual attention to both explicit information and implicit information. There was no significant attention difference between age 4 and 5. (2) Distraction produced little effect on children's comprehension of implicit information while producing a significant reduction in the comprehension of explicit information. (3) Children aged 5 markedly outperformed those aged 4 on the comprehension of implicit information. It was suggested that children processed the implicit information actively whereas they processed the explicit information reactively. Results also proved that preschoolers have the ability to comprehend implied information, and that this ability increases substantially with age.     

Attention,Working Memory,and Long-Term Memory in Multimedia Learning: An Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory

Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions.     

Relations of Preschoolers' Social Acceptance to Peer Ratings and Self-Perceptions

To examine the relations of preschoolers' social acceptance to peer ratings and self-perceptions, 53 preschoolers were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked their peers and to justify these ratings. Preschoolers also rated their peers' aggressive, prosocial, and sociable behavior. Finally, they completed a pictorial self-perception scale that assessed their views of their physical competence and their relationships with mother and with peers. Children who were better liked by peers were rated as more prosocial, more sociable, and less aggressive than less liked children. Preschoolers often reported liking certain peers because they perceived that those peers liked them; they often reported disliking certain peers because they perceived those peers as aggressive. In contrast to findings with older children, preschoolers' social acceptance was not significantly related to any aspect of their self-perceptions. The results provide evidence for the validity of peer ratings by preschool-age children and bring up issues related to the development and assessment of self-perceptions among preschoolers.     

高校要重视实验教学的信息收集与利用

加强对学生实验教学过程中信息收集,为实验室建设和实验教学改革提供重要依据,避免盲目建设和改革,提高实验教学的效果和质量,培养出更多更好的高素质人才.     

Preschoolers' Spontaneous Emotion Vocabulary: Relations to Likability

Although there has been growing interest in the development of emotion, a surprisingly small amount of research deals with the vocabulary children use to refer to emotions. In the present study, we examined differences in children's spontaneous use of emotion vocabulary during their naturally-occurring peer interactions and explored these differences in relation to their likability as assessed by their peers. Preschoolers were observed in their interactions with other children and their utterances containing emotion words were recorded. The content, form, and pragmatic function of these emotion words then were analyzed. It was found that with increasing age, emotion vocabulary became more differentiated and complex. Moreover, children who used a larger number of different emotion words, made more references to others' emotional states, and used emotion vocabulary for social functions, were more liked by their peers. Discussion focused on understanding young children's use of emotion vocabulary, the contributions it makes to the quality of their social interactions, and the implications of these for early educators.     

智力落后者的记忆的信息加工研究

对智力落后者的瞬间记忆(VSIM)、初级记忆(PM)、二级记忆(SM)和三级记忆(TM)的研究表明，智力落后者的记忆加工在输入、储存和输出方面存在困难，而组织策略使用的缺乏也是导致其智力低下的一个因素。     

Long-Term Memory for Context-Specific Category Information at Six Months

The ability of 6-month-old infants to remember a functional category acquired in a specific context was assessed in 3 experiments via an operant procedure in which infants learned to perform a specific action (a footkick) to activate an object suspended before them. In Experiment 1, infants trained with different exemplars in the same context transferred responding to a novel exemplar in the same but not a different context 24 hours later. Experiment 2 revealed that infants' reactivated memory of category training remained intact and context-specific after 3 weeks. In Experiment 3, a novel category exemplar was able to reactivate the forgotten memory of category training only in the encoding context. At 6 months, information about the place where categories are constructed is prerequisite for retrieval of a category concept from long-term memory. This requirement insures that early category concepts remain stable over relatively long periods.     

Relations of Preschoolers' Social Acceptance to Peer Ratings and Self-Perceptions

To examine the relations of preschoolers' social acceptance to peer ratings and self-perceptions, 53 preschoolers were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked their peers and to justify these ratings. Preschoolers also rated their peers' aggressive, prosocial, and sociable behavior. Finally, they completed a pictorial self-perception scale that assessed their views of their physical competence and their relationships with mother and with peers. Children who were better liked by peers were rated as more prosocial, more sociable, and less aggressive than less liked children. Preschoolers often reported liking certain peers because they perceived that those peers liked them; they often reported disliking certain peers because they perceived those peers as aggressive. In contrast to findings with older children, preschoolers' social acceptance was not significantly related to any aspect of their self-perceptions. The results provide evidence for the validity of peer ratings by preschool-age children and bring up issues related to the development and assessment of self-perceptions among preschoolers.     

Preschoolers' use of number words to denote one-to-one correspondence

Preschoolers' use of number words to denote one-to-one correspondence was assessed by 2 tasks. In the matching task, the children matched 2 sets to determine whether they could be put in one-to-one correspondence and then judged whether the same number word should be used to denote both sets. In the counting task, the children counted 2 sets and used the final number words of the count to determine whether the sets could be put in one-to-one correspondence. Most 4-year-olds and some 3 1/2-year-olds use number words to denote one-to-one correspondence in each of these tasks. These findings are related to previous research.     

重视和加强科技人员的继续信息教育

文中强调在网络环境下,科技人员进行继续信息教育的必要性,并介绍了在举办科技人员信息资源利用培训班的教学实践中,针对他们的特定要求,培养提高他们在网络环境下的信息意识和利用现代信息技术获取网上科技信息的技能。     

学生课堂学习注意力和记忆力调查分析及教学讨论

通过调查表的调查和分析，学生课堂学习的注意力和记忆力的品质各时段不相同，教师可根据课堂各时段学生注意力和记忆力的特点、心理原因及品质，科学地设计教案，实施教学。     

文本关注与时代关注——马克思哲学研究中两种对话范式比较

文本的解释性对话与时代的问题式对话是马克思主义哲学研究中的两种不同的对话范式,它们代表着深化马克思主义研究的两种不同价值取向和目标诉求,前者力图通过对文本的悉心研读,客观地把握马克思本人的思想;而后者更关心的是如何激活马克思的思想方法在当代的意义。虽然两种思路差异明显,但并不是二元对立,两者之间存在着借鉴与互补的关系。