WTO与个私经济发展战略

改革开放使个私经济得以迅速发展，然而WTO带给个私经济的既是机遇更是挑战。个私经济必须加快内部调整，确立自身发展的战略，政府必须积极为个私经济改善外部环境，确立支持和保护其发展的战略。     

西部大开发战略的经济学思考

西部大开发战略的提出标志着我国经济发展战略的重大转变,也是实现经济均衡发展的重要举措,如何实现西部经济快速起飞,关键在于实现三个转变：经济发展战略从“梯度推移论”到西部跳跃发展;经济发展环境从偏向沿海地区向西部地区转移;经济发展重点从城市偏向改革到注重农村市场开拓。     

Achieving Business Success by Developing Clients and Community: Lessons from Leading Companies,Emerging Economies and a Nine Year Case Study

ABSTRACT Empirical evidence and recent revisions of conventional business doctrine indicate that companies that actively promote social performance and develop their clients' markets and skills as part of business strategy have a better chance of achieving sustainable profitability and growth than those that do not. This article discusses how landmark companies, emerging economies, and in particular a Latin American company sustained success over long periods of time by developing socially‐focused strategies. By applying the Megaplanning methodology to the development of clients and the social environment during a three‐year period, an Argentinean refinery developed its local and regional market, increased its revenues and market share and reduced turnover and costs generated by social conflict, outperforming its previous conventional, Macro‐focused business strategies.     

Introduction—Improving skills development for employability in an ever-changing world

The article provides an overview of the global economic landscape in which the contemporary skills development discourse is located. Effective skills development oriented to market needs and to competitiveness in high-value global value chains will help developing economies to avoid the middle income trap. It outlines major issues and challenges that developing economies need to deal with in crafting appropriate policies and strategies for skills development: addressing the persistent problem of skills-jobs mismatches, strengthening the participation of the private sector to increase market-oriented training, assuring inclusive growth, preparing for the expansion of green economy opportunities, and increasing emphasis on soft skills. It also provides an introduction to the various articles in the special issue.     

Futures of Teaching in American Education

This article argues that factory model schools, created for a time when most individuals were being prepared for relatively low-skilled jobs, are not adequate to the task of educating most citizens for the knowledge work that will increasingly characterize economies of the 21st century. Although many important reforms have been launched over the last decade, countries that have not invested in the development of sophisticated teaching that can adapt to the needs of students and the demands of more challenging content have reached an impasse. Every aspect of school reform – the creation of more challenging curriculum, the use of more performance-based assessments, the implementation of decentralized management, the invention of new model schools and programs – depends on highly-skilled teachers. Policies aimed at developing a quality teaching system include (1) enacting meaningful standards for teachers as well as students, (2) overhauling teacher education and professional development, (3) addressing teacher recruitment problems and placing qualified teachers in all schools, (4) rewarding teacher knowledge and skills, and (5) redesigning schools so that they support teaching and learning. This article describes successful strategies in each of these areas and paints a picture of the alternative futures for education that rest on policies yet to be decided.     

A cross-national comparison of international strategies: global citizenship and the advancement of national competitiveness

This paper examines national-level strategies concerning internationalisation of education and the extent to which global citizenship is deployed in their discourse. We focus on a cross-national comparison of selected internationalisation strategies in Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK and the USA, all countries with highly developed economies and a relatively high proportion of the market share of international students. We draw on a thematic textual analysis and the use of corpus technologies to explore the framing of discourses and language use in each strategy. Our comparative analysis of national strategies highlights a dominant approach to international education that is primarily competitive in its orientation, with national interest as the key driver. This cross-national comparison also revealed considerable variation in framing of strategic internationalisation on a discourse level. Based on findings, we argue that internationalisation strategies limit the possibilities of advancing central tenets of global citizenship.     

Critical materials: a reason for sustainable education of industrial designers and engineers

Developed economies have become highly dependent on a range of technology metals with names such as neodymium and terbium. Stakeholders have warned of the impending scarcity of these critical materials. Difficulties in materials supply can affect the high-tech industries as well as the success of sustainable innovation strategies that are based on sophisticated technology. Industrial designers and engineers should therefore increase their awareness of the limits in availability of critical materials. In this paper, it is argued that materials’ criticality can give a fresh impetus to the higher education of industrial design engineers. It is important to train future professionals to apply a systems perspective to the process of technology innovation, enabling them to thrive under circumstances of constrained material choices. The conclusions outline ideas on how to weave the topic into existing educational programmes of future technology developers.     

Packaging and unpackaging knowledge in mass higher education—a knowledge management perspective

The progressive deployment of market-oriented regulatory frameworks in mass Higher Education Institutions (MHEI hereafter) triggered, in a wide variety of forms and degrees, the application of Knowledge Management principles in MHEI. This means the application of the knowledge ‘codification strategy’, where the focus is on the economies of the re-use of centrally developed knowledge through codifying, storing and distributing knowledge. This process however, presents significant challenges. Both knowledge and non-knowledge related aspects might constrain the application of knowledge codification strategies in MHEI. The aim of this paper is to better understand the application of knowledge codification strategies in MHEI, from a knowledge management perspective. This is done by examining the use of course outlines as the critical means to ‘transfer’ codified knowledge. The research site was a MHEI that explicitly followed a ‘codification strategy’, where the profits come from the economies of scale and low cost operation. Research findings point out mixed outcomes. The set of cost-saving managerial-oriented initiatives together with the deployment of knowledge codification strategies simultaneously supported the knowledge transfer of codified-oriented courses associated to low levels of tacit knowledge and constrained knowledge transfer of codified-oriented courses associated with slightly higher levels of tacit knowledge. This finding can be credited to a set of both knowledge and non-knowledge related issues. The implications for the management of knowledge in MHEI were explored.     

项目管理中的“囚徒困境”成因及对策

博弈论是现代经济学中重要的分析理论和研究方法。文章通过对博弈论中经典的基础模型“囚徒困境”博弈模型的分析,结合我国工程项目建设中建设单位和施工单位的现状,提出了监理工程师在保证工程能顺利完成的过程中应采取的策略和措施。     

让标准照进现实——国内外教师教育技术相关标准实施的比较

要保证优质的教育技术标准能够发挥其特有的功能,仅靠文本形态的标准是远远不够的,必须借助特定的形式、途径和过程,使标准在教学实践中被理解、应用和执行,这就是"标准实施"。当前我国教师教育技术标准实施面临的最大瓶颈是如何将标准实施从教师的认识和初步体验层面推进到课堂实践层面,使标准真正转换为教师在课堂里的常态行为。美国的教师教育技术标准(NETS-T 2008)和联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)的教师教育信息能力框架(ICT-CFT)是国际上具有代表性的两个标准。它们的实施模式、过程及策略为破解我国教师教育技术标准的实施困境提供了思路,尤其应该借鉴的是与这些标准相关的考核认证的操作模式、项目实践的实体建模及课程资源的开发策略,这些环节为教育技术标准向课堂实践延伸,促进学校层面的变革奠定了很好的基础。     

Online searching behaviours of preschool teachers: a comparison of pre-service and in-service teachers’ evaluation standards and searching strategies

The aim of this study was to explore preschool teachers’ evaluation standards and searching strategies during their online searching process, focusing on the difference between pre-service and in-service teachers. A total of 408 pre-service and in-service preschool teachers in Taiwan participated in the survey research. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed through factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that the in-service teachers adopted Deep Strategiesand all four kinds of evaluation standards (Multiple, Authority, Content, and Technical) more often than the pre-service teachers did.The results also showed that Internet experience may affect both pre-service and in-service teachers’ use of searching strategies. The findings of this study suggest that more education on online searching strategies as well as evaluation standards should be provided for both in-service and pre-service teachers.     

Improving a mathematical key skill using precision teaching

Mathematics is a core subject in the UK curriculum, with high standards achievement a policy of the UK government. Innovative approaches and strategies have been advocated to achieve these high standards. One approach that has been advocated is Precision Teaching, supported by its successful application in schools in the United States. For this study, a 12-week programme was devised to develop student fluency in the multiplication timetables. A key skill task was devised and scores compared before and after programme implementation. Pre-programme scores revealed poor student performance on this key skill. Post-programme results show an improvement for children using Precision Teaching, with some outperforming the average of their classmates. The paper endorses previous findings that fluency is important for student progress through the curriculum. It also endorses research findings that adding practice and timed assessment improve student performance levels. These results were achieved with minimal disruption and materials. The paper recommends educational practitioners to support further research into the practicalities and suggested benefits of fluency-orientated education.     

District Accountability Without a State Assessment: A Proposed Model

Most states have adopted assessment and accountability systems that involve common measures of student performance. A state assessment system that allows school districts to choose the specific strategies they use to measure student performance on state-adopted content standards presents a unique state accountability challenge. The authors propose an accountability model that addresses this challenge using a combination of student performance, technical quality, and noncognitive indicators of performance. They also describe a study that evaluated the proposed model using data from all school districts in a southern state.     

小议如何在经济全球化背景下实现中国经济的健康发展

经济全球化是一把＂双刃剑＂,它一方面有利于加强各国经济的联系与相互依赖,促进世界经济的发展;另一方面又会对各国经济,尤其是弱小国家和发展中国家经济发展带来挑战与威胁。本文浅析了经济全球化背景下中国经济发展的机遇与挑战,并就如何应对参与经济全球化,保障中国经济健康发展提出了四条策略。     

“The story means more to me now”: teaching thinking through Guided Reading

This article describes perspective and imagery thinking strategies taught during Guided Reading lessons. These strategies are designed to enhance comprehension by giving students techniques for manipulating meaning. Social and physical perspective thinking strategies allow students to identify and apply a variety of perspectives, while imagery thinking strategies allow students to re‐view meaning through the application of still, moving and melting images. Comment from teachers and students involved in a project designed to trial these strategies indicate they may be one way of raising standards in English.     

职业院校混合所有制办学的行动策略——合法性视角的多案例研究

基于组织社会学新制度主义理论的合法性视角,本研究采用多案例研究方法对4所职业院校混合所有制办学过程中合法性获取的行动策略和类型展开探讨,通过对语料库进行分析识别混合所有制办学阶段、行动策略与合法性类型之间的关系。研究发现:职业院校混合所有制办学获取合法性的联盟策略主要包括谈判、利益协调、构建并利用社会网络;分析策略主要包括辨识详述、制定标准、身份建构和治理体系建构;文化策略主要包括宣传和嵌入。职业院校在混合所有制办学的创建期主要采用分析策略,重点获取的合法性类型是规范合法性;在发展期,文化策略显著增加,三种策略比例较为均衡,职业院校着力于规制和文化认知合法性获取。职业院校规制合法性主要通过联盟策略获取;规范合法性主要通过分析和联盟策略获取;文化认知合法性主要通过文化策略获取。因此,职业院校在探索混合所有制办学的过程中要尝试定义不同的发展阶段,根据所处阶段选择相应的行动策略。     

文化视域中翻译的"求同存异"

从文化交流的角度,分析了文本性质和功能、读者的文化“容忍度”和期待值及译者的文化身份和标准三个方面对翻译策略的影响,提倡译者在深刻的文化意识的前提下,综合分析影响翻译的多种因素,在特定的翻译实践中运用不同技巧处理文化异质,以达到文化交流的目的。     

Rural Knowledge and Information Systems for Non-Agricultural Rural Needs

Abstract

As developing countries gradually rely less upon agriculture for rural income, rural economies require new solutions to access knowledge and information systems for rural development. Non-agricultural rural knowledge and information systems can play a significant role in developing and disseminating successful strategies to escape rural poverty. This paper discusses the challenges of developing rural knowledge and information systems, practical and vital in facilitating rural development in the 21st century.     

国家专业标准视阈下教师专业能力的意蕴、框架及培养策略

国家教师专业标准对实践中的教师专业能力培养提出鲜明的价值导向和具体的评价标准。然而国家教师专业标准中所包含的教师能力体系并未完整准确地概括教师专业能力的全部领域,较为明显地存在见物不见人的倾向,根据国家教师专业标准和教师专业发展基本要求,重新厘定教师专业能力内涵,构建全面科学的教师专业能力框架体系,探讨其培养策略具有重要的实践价值。     

Assessing Standards in the “Real” Kindergarten Classroom

The importance of using standards as key components in the curriculum is documented in both popular and professional literature. One aspect of integrating standards into the curriculum is the role of assessment. The focus of this paper is to prepare early childhood teachers to assess children's knowledge of the standards within the routines and centers provided in the kindergarten learning environment. Teachers can use this information to develop authentic assessment strategies which typically occurs in a child's learning during center and group time.