为杜威"儿童中心论"辩护

在中国，从２０世纪５０年代以来，说到“儿童中心主义”（又称为“儿童中心论”），人们不约而同地认为是片面的、错误的。如果说谁持“儿童中心主义”的立场或观念，这便等于是“贬”谁。我以为这是研究、传播和树立现代儿童教育观念的最大障碍之一。于是，尽管是冒天下之大不韪，我觉得依然有必要为“儿童中心主义”说几句话。一、杜威的儿童中心论是什么？１．杜威是在批判旧教育的过程中提出“儿童中心主义”思想的，也就是说，是在“破旧”中“立新”的。在杜威看来，在传统教育那里，“学校的重心在儿童之外，在教师，在教科书以及你…     

《申报》中的近代中国儿童观嬗变过程研究

近代中国儿童观经历了由“小大人”观向“儿童本位”观的转变，这集中表现在《申报》中“小朋友”称谓内涵的演进方面。“小朋友”一词在现代汉语语境中一般与儿童相联系。实际上，最初的“小朋友”与儿童无关，而是一个成人专属称谓，它是随着近代中国“儿童本位”观的建立而变为儿童专属性质的。“小朋友”在中国古代“小大人”观指导下产生。从《申报》记载中可以看出，随着近代中国儿童福利事业的发展，该称呼又经历了同龄化、低龄化和昵称化转向，这是其“儿童本位”内涵形成的过渡阶段。20世纪二三十年代，随着以“发现儿童”为目的的“儿童本位”观在中国的流行，“小朋友”一词的“儿童本位”内涵最终定型，并沿用至今。     

是谁蒙住了儿童的眼睛--儿童生活世界的"蒙蔽"与"敞亮"

从关照生活世界中的儿童出发，教育才能真正体现“儿童是教育的对象”、“儿童是教育的目的”这些基本的本质规定。尽管儿童生活世界与成人之间的关系多有所逗递，但始终却没有脱离“成人宰制儿童”的阴影。让我们正视儿童所面临的处境，并进一步反省当今儿童的“生活世界”。惟有拨开其迷雾和锁链，儿童的“生活世界”才能得到真正的彰显，儿童的“生活世界”才能回到“原初”状态，才能“敞亮”起来。     

让学生真正拥有“童话”

所谓“童话”，字面意思就是“儿童的话”，它是作家揣摩儿童心理，模拟儿童语言而创作的文学作品。其实儿童自己就是“天生的童话作家”，比喻、拟人在儿童那里不是一种修辞方法，而就是他们说话的方式。     

尊重儿童:幼儿精神健康成长与人格和谐发展的前提和保证

随着《儿童权利公约》的通过，以及《儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言》、《执行90年代儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言行动计划》两个文件的签署，我国幼教界关于“尊重儿童”的论述已从过去单纯强调师德、修养提升到法律制度、儿童权利层面。这标志着人们对于“尊重儿童”之必要性的认识与理解在不断丰富、加深。本文将选取另外两个角度，即“尊重儿童”对幼儿精神生命发展的意义，“尊重儿童”对幼儿人格发展的作用，做一些探讨。”“尊重儿童”是幼儿精神健康成长的前提人的存在，不仅是肉体存在，而且是精神的存在；幼儿的发展也绝不只是显…     

学前儿童对欧氏几何图形的认知特点及教育含义

在学前儿童几何形体的教学中，往往以“长度”“角度”“直线”“线段”“三角形”“正方形”等欧氏观念灌输给学前儿童。仿佛这些是空间的真正元素，但对于儿童的认识来说并非如此。儿童能够观察到一个“正方形”，然而他还不能将正方形转化为“心理表象”。一、儿童表征能力发展的特点实验活动：让儿童画一张他看过的、不在眼前的几何图形，通过这种方法可以探讨儿童的表象能力或表征能力。结果表明：3岁之前：涂画乱七八糟，观察不到任何目的。通常是从3岁开始，可观察到表征的两个水平。在较低水平上，儿童的涂画根据图形是开放的或封闭…     

"留守儿童"教育的再思考

“留守儿童”不是问题儿童的代名词，“留守儿童”的教育不是一种“帮教”性质上的“扶差”教育，它的基点是预防性的，因此，在正确认识“留守”的前提下，充分挖掘“留守”本身的正面的教育意义，把“留守儿童”的教育塑造为一种“特色教育”，通过“留守”本身所蕴藏的教育内容来预防“留守儿童”所可能出现的各种问题，是“留守儿童”教育的另一条值得尝试的途径。     

现代教育技术在学习困难儿童教育中的作用

学习困难儿童，又称“学业不良儿童”，俗称“差生”、“后进生”，是指智力正常，但学习效果低下，达不到国家规定的教学大纲要求的儿童。这类儿童在普通中小学中约占８％－１２％，是介于正常儿童与特殊儿童之间的特殊群体。这类儿童虽然有生理或心理发展障碍，但属于正常范围，他们表现出的学习困难只是方面性或阶段性，经过特殊的教育方式、方法或手段，可以减轻甚至完全消除他们的学习困难，从而促进他们心理与学业的良好发展。“差生”是最令教师“头痛”的，如何采取有效的教育手段，提高学习困难儿童的教育效果是广大教育工作者与研…     

“心理理论”的发展及培养

儿童“心理理论”研究是当今发展心理学中最活跃的领域之一。大量的研究表明，儿童在早期的语言、假装和家庭的相互作用会影响儿童“心理理论”的发展，而发展出来的“心理理论”可以帮助儿童在学校的学习。     

儿童研究，请遵守生命发展的“次序”

儿童研究．这样一个极富“热度”的词语，已经渗透到儿童教育的各个方面。学科教学在研究“儿童学习的有效性”。德育在研究“儿童道德的成长性”．学校文化在研究“儿童的独特性”……“儿童”成了林林总总的“说法”，概念不一的“名词”。可是，儿童在现实生活中的成长环境却是被“污染过的”。学科在研究儿童学习有效性时，潜意识中仍然指向分数；德育在研究儿童道德成长性时，依然到处“贴标签”；学校文化在研究儿童独特性时，却演变成“惟一性”。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.