21世纪:哲学社会科学面临的机遇与挑战

〕2 1世纪 ,随着我国市场经济的进一步完善和发展 ,随着国际交往的进一步增多 ,我国社会的各个方面将会发生翻天覆地的变化。这种变化对我国哲学社会科学的发展既是机遇 ,又是挑战。积极应对挑战 ,去解决社会生活中重大的理论和实践课题 ,将会使我国哲学社会科学取得空前的繁荣和发展     

21世纪的生命科学和教育

20世纪生命科学取得了重大发展，1953年DNA双螺旋结构的建立，以及X射线衍射蛋白质空间结构的测定奠定了分子生物学的基础，分子生物学的研究涉及生命现象最本质的内容，在新的高度上揭示生命的奥妙，进入21世纪后，以信息科学和生命科学为代表的高新科技将有更迅猛的发展，有人预测本至世纪的中叶，生命科学将超过信息科学而占第一位，事实上学科间是一相交叉融合的，例如生物信息学就是一门新的学科，而且是今后发展的前沿学科。人类基因组计划被誉为生命科学的“阿波罗计划”，有人说生命科学是描述的科学，而不是理科，因为像数学，物理，化学这些理科的内容都可以用公式表示，如爱因斯坦的相对论，陈景润的歌德巴赫猜想等，生命科学的许多内容一时尚无法用公式表示，这只能说明生命科学的深奥。     

21世纪中国民办高等教育面临的机遇、桃战、危机与使命

中国民办高等教育已经走过了20年的历程,创造了中国教育改革中一道亮丽的风景线,在即将步入21世纪之时,民办高等教育如何做好准备,把握历史的机遇,迎接21世纪的挑战,是关系到民办高等教育发展的重要课题,本试图从机遇、挑战,危机和使命4个方面进行探讨。     

生命科学是中国发展的机遇

生命科学是中国发展的机遇在可预见的未来，信息技术和生命科学将是世界科技中最活跃的两个领域，两者在未来有交叉融合的趋势。两者相比，方兴未艾的生命科学对于像中国这样的发展中国家而言机遇更大一些。这是英国《自然》杂志主编菲利普－坎贝尔博士在接受新华社记者采访时说的话。     

新世纪初中国旅行社业面临的挑战与对策

在新世纪之初，中国旅行社业面临着三大挑战：第一是加入WTO，外资旅行社将进入中国；第二是网络技术的发展将改变旅行社行业的经营方式和旅行的消费形式；第三是中国消费正迅速成熟，对旅行社行业的产品和服务做出的选择越来越理性，中国旅行社业要在21世纪初获得较好的发展，就必须制定相应的对策。     

21世纪女性教育面临的机遇和挑战

21世纪是知识经济时代，知识经济是以知识为基础的经济，它与农业经济、工业经济的不同特点赋予了女性教育新的机遇，也使女性教育面临新的挑战。而树立正确的女性教育观，并以此为基础改革女性教育就是面对机遇与挑战的对策。     

挑战与创新--21世纪初叶的中国职业教育

中国与澳大利亚在教育领域的交流与合作已历经多年,特别是中国改革开放以来,中澳两国的教育交流与合作迅速扩大,并于20世纪80年代中期签署关于加强教育交流与合作的备忘录,双方还建立和实施了一系列交流与合作项目.     

新世纪初我国高等职业学校的特色

新世纪头五年，我国高等职业学校的运作理念将表现出三个方面的特色：一是专业设置的特性－注重供求均衡。根据惯性原理、因果原理和类推原理，预测社会的人才需求，调整学校的专业设置。二是培养规格的特征－融合中外标准。 把学生培养成道德高尚型、技术复合型和持续发展型人才，赶超国际教育分类中的技术型人才标准。三是管理制度的特点－保障师生创业。在人事管理上广纳贤才，优绩优酬；在教学管理上突出课程，统筹兼顾；在产业管理上转换机制，育人高校。     

Autism education in Greece at the beginning of the 21st century: reviewing the literature

This paper considers recent evidence on autism education in Greece in order to shed light on current developments and attitudes. Given the increase in relevant research in the country, a scoping review to identify topics that have been explored so far and propose areas for future research and implications for practice is timely and necessary. Peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2019 were identified via electronic databases and their main themes were analysed. Themes related to autistic individual (i.e. the voice of autistic individuals and intervention studies), the family around them (i.e. the role of family and stigma), the role of teachers (i.e. teacher training and teacher stress levels) and the wider society (i.e. parent-teacher collaboration, the medical/deficit model of disability and inclusion) emerged from the review. The above themes are discussed in the light of the cultural characteristics of Greece and the recent economic crisis the country underwent as well as similar findings from other European countries.     

21世纪初天津等四城市健身俱乐部发展方向构想

通过查阅文献资料和实地调查研究,对天津等四城市健身俱乐部的现状和影响其发展的因素进行了分析。提出21世纪初天津等四城市健身俱乐部的四个发展方向:俱乐部向大众化、多元化、网络化发展;俱乐部的活动内容趋于多样化、个性化,随意性强;专门的老年健身俱乐部;学校体育向健身俱乐部转变。并提出了发展建议。     

Cadaveric dissection as an educational tool for anatomical sciences in the 21st century

Anatomical education has been undergoing reforms in line with the demands of medical profession. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a traditional method like cadaveric dissection in teaching/learning anatomy at present times when medical schools are inclining towards student‐centered, integrated, clinical application models. The article undertakes a review of literature and analyzes the observations made therein reflecting on the relevance of cadaveric dissection in anatomical education of 21st century. Despite the advent of modern technology and evolved teaching methods, dissection continues to remain a cornerstone of anatomy curriculum. Medical professionals of all levels believe that dissection enables learning anatomy with relevant clinical correlates. Moreover dissection helps to build discipline independent skills which are essential requirements of modern health care setup. It has been supplemented by other teaching/learning methods due to limited availability of cadavers in some countries. However, in the developing world due to good access to cadavers, dissection based teaching is central to anatomy education till date. Its utility is also reflected in the perception of students who are of the opinion that dissection provides them with a foundation critical to development of clinical skills. Researchers have even suggested that time has come to reinstate dissection as the core method of teaching gross anatomy to ensure safe medical practice. Nevertheless, as dissection alone cannot provide uniform learning experience hence needs to be complemented with other innovative learning methods in the future education model of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 10: 286–299. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

21世纪上半叶我国农村学龄人口规模预测分析

农村人口，包括居住在农村的农业人口和农村的非农业人口，又称乡村人口、农村人口与农业人口。我国是一个人口众多的国家，也是一个城市化较低的国家，农村人口约占全国人口的 70％。如此众多的农村人口必然会对我国教育的发展产生巨大的影响，尤其是在社会经济飞速发展，人口城市化速度不断加快，以及人们的思想意识观念逐渐发生转变的今天，我国的农村人口结构更是在一定程度上决定着教育发展的方向。这其中，农村的学龄人口预测就显得尤为重要。这一问题必然成为制定中国教育发展规划 (计划 )的一项不可或缺的重要研究任务。 　　因此，…     

Special education in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century: the challenge to educate in an unequal and multicultural society

An overview of the challenges facing the Spanish Special Education system at the turn of the century is presented. Significant changes have occurred in Spain over the last two decades that have affected the landscape of Spanish public schools in an unprecedented way. First, since the late 1980s, students with a variety of disabilities have been attending general education classrooms along with their peers. Additionally, for the last 20 years, Spain has experienced a dramatic increase in immigration patterns from Northern Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America. Thus, Spanish educators are facing the challenge of educating an increasingly heterogeneous student body. Students' different educational needs are often handed down to the special educator teacher who is faced with the task of ensuring the student's academic and social participation. Reform efforts conducted by Spanish educators to ensure that all students, regardless of their gender, ability level, ethnic and social backgrounds, as well as language and religion of origin, have equal access to a full social and academic participation in their schools and communities are described.     

Dyslexia and education in the 21st century

This paper both reviews the other papers in this special issue and puts them in the context of the current agenda of research in dyslexia education. The pluralistic nature of the field is explored with reference to this special issue. The paper suggests a way forward for the field in terms of a developing research agenda for dyslexia education as we progress further into the 21st century.