幼儿教师专业自主权研究述评

教师专业自主权是指教师享有专业判断及自由执行、不受他人或非教师成员的干预的基本权。研究表明,教师的专业自主权会影响教师工作满意度、对决策的认同度、对职业和机构的认同度。目前,我国有关教师专业自主权的研究多集中在中小学教育和高等教育阶段,较少涉及学前教育阶段。鉴于此,在探讨教师自主的含义、研究意义、发展现状以及影响因素的基础上,对我国幼儿教师专业自主权研究进行理论思考,以期使幼儿教师摆脱课程改革的困境,进而促进学生的发展。     

幼儿园教师专业自主权状况调查——以上海市示范性幼儿园为例

专业自主权是幼儿园教师专业发展的核心、关键和动力。从教育教学自主权、学术研究自主权、参与决策自主权、专业发展自主权和教师影响力等五个方面对上海市示范性幼儿园进行的问卷调查结果显示,幼儿园教师的专业自主权整体期望值要显著高于现实状况,且两者呈正相关。幼儿园教师在个人层面上的专业自主权要大于在组织层面上的专业自主权。     

重塑适合我国教师专业发展的新型教师文化

教师工作的特征所派生的教师文化既有可以促进教师发展的文化因素,也隐藏有阻碍教师前进的文化形态。针对我国教师工作特质,有效开发积极的教师文化发展空间,重塑适合我国教师发展的新型教师文化,有利于教师的专业发展和教育改革的顺利进行。     

教师专业发展的阶段、模式、策略再探

在继续专业社会化阶段,教师专业发展经历适应与过渡、分化与定型、突破与退守、成熟与维持、创造与智慧五个时期,其对应的结果是教师分别成为适应型、经验型、知识型、混合型、准学者型、学者型和智慧型七类教师。教师专业发展有剑宗派、气宗派和剑气合一派三条道路可供选择。突破与退守是教师专业发展的高原期,也是决定发展水平的关键期,内驱力的激发、专业自主权的尊重、反思性教学与专家引领是促进教师专业发展的有效策略。     

上海市示范性幼儿园教师专业自主权期望及其实践

教师专业自主权是促进幼儿教师专业发展的核心动力.本研究从教育教学自主权、学术研究自主权、参与决策自主权、专业发展自主权和教师影响力等方面,对上海市部分示范性幼儿园教师进行了问卷调查.结果显示,教师的专业自主权整体期望值要显著高于其实践状况,在参与决策权上的实际得分最低,可见示范性幼儿园教师专业自主意识较强,但实践状况不理想,且关注自我层面的专业发展胜过关注组织层面的专业发展.幼儿园应进一步改善教师专业自主权的实践环境,提升教师专业自主权的意识与能力,以促进教师专业发展水平的提高.     

Teachers’ professional development: a theoretical review

Background and purpose:?The article reviews studies that focus on the professional development of teachers after they have completed their basic teacher training. Teacher professional development is defined as teachers’ learning: how they learn to learn and how they apply their knowledge in practice to support pupils’ learning. The research question addressed in the article is: How do experienced teachers learn?

Main argument:?The review is framed by theories within the constructivist paradigm. From this perspective, knowledge is perceived as the construction of meaning and understanding within social interaction. The social surroundings are seen as decisive for how the individual learns and develops. It is argued that courses and lectures, or ‘times for telling’, and teachers’ development of a metacognitive attitude are decisive factors for teachers’ learning within a constructivist frame of reference.

Sources of evidence and method:?To attempt to answer the research question, a search was conducted of the subject of pedagogy in the ISI WEB of Science (search undertaken 9 August 2011) using the search strings ‘teacher learning’, ‘teacher development’ and ‘teacher professional development’, and covering the period from 2009 to 2011 to probe the most recent decade of research. Articles that dealt with basic education, primary and secondary school, were selected, and articles that dealt with learning using digital tools and the internet and newly trained teachers were rejected. A set of 31 articles was selected from this search. To ensure width and depth of coverage, this was supplemented by a selection of review studies and research on further education in respect of teachers’ learning. The texts were analysed by means of open and axial coding, developing main and sub-categories.

Conclusions:?The review of articles shows that both individual and organisational factors impact teachers’ learning. Teacher co-operation has importance for how they develop, and some of the teachers can lead such learning activities themselves. Moreover, a positive school culture with a good atmosphere and understanding of teachers’ learning, in addition to co-operation with external resource persons, may impact the professional development of teachers. The article concludes with the reflection that learning in school is the best arena for further development of teachers.     

教学领导的研究进展与实施策略

教学是学校的中心工作。随着全国范围内课程和教学改革的深入推进,人们越来越关注教学领导。教学领导研究是当前国际上的一个研究热点,并呈现新的特点。教学领导涉及多方面的因素,校长不仅要担当教学监控、反馈和指导等职能,而且还要致力于营造良好的学校文化和组织氛围;校长不仅是教和学的领导者,同时还承担支持者的角色,为教学提供资源和时间上的保障,促进教师在专业上不断进步。而教师也不再只是单纯的课程执行者的角色,而是被赋予课程开发者的角色,创造性地生成课堂和开展教学。     

教师专业自主权的三维解析

从权利多维度的视角出发,教师专业自主权的价值维度为自由,享有和行使专业自主权就是获取在专业领域内的行为自由;教师专业自主权的动力维度是自主,教师精神利益的满足需要自主行为的发起;教师专业自主权的实践维度是个体自主与外在自由动态的结合。个体自主需要教师通过自主学习提升意识和能力,增强自主性;外在自由需要教育管理权的分散化,扩展教师的自由度。     

促进教吵币专业发展的教师自评体系解构

2001年颁布的《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》中明确提出：“建立促进教师不断提高的评价体系”、“建立以教师自评为主”的评价制度,这表明了教师自评在教师专业发展中的重要作用。以教师专业发展及教师自评的理论为基础,从教师的专业情意、专业知识与专业技能三个方面,对教师自评体系进行解构,可以促进教师的专业发展。     

文化自觉：教师专业发展新视野

“文化自觉”是文化的自我觉醒、自我反省和自我创建,教师的文化自觉则在于教师是否能够自觉地参与、研究教育从而把教育活动看作自我实现和体现人生意义的过程。教师的这种“自觉”是其专业发展过程中的重要的动力机制,而且在文化多元的今天更是教师能够准确理解和把握文化内涵与作用、促进真正的人的成长的不可缺少的精神状态。     

论教师专业发展评价的准则与方法

教师专业发展与评价的导向密不可分。评价的准则规定我们评什么与不评什么。教师专业发展应与其评价准则是相一致的。从专业伦理与专业精神、专业的能力、学科专业和通识文化知识、研究意识和能力等方面,采用自主参与、质的评价、标准相对、过程互动等方法来促进教师的专业发展是教师专业发展评价所需要的。     

正式与非正式的教师领导对教师专业发展的影响

根据其定义不论职位或任命,教师对领导的行使,教师领导有正式与非正式之分,两者对教师专业发展有不同的影响。本文从正式与非正式的教师领导这一视角出发,剖析内地的正式的教师领导——骨干教师对整体教师队伍专业发展的影响,并将其与非正式的教师领导进行了比较,以期为内地教师的专业发展提出合理的建议。     

Mid-career teachers’ perceptions of self-guided professional growth: strengthening a sense of agency through collaboration

Opportunities for self-guided professional development provided a context for exploring ways that mid-career teachers designed learning projects and articulated their perceptions of professional growth. In their applications for small grants for materials and released time, participants identified their own personal goals for improving instruction, designed plans of action, and assessed results. Intensive case studies with six participants documented ways that they integrated professional growth experiences to varying extents based on the nature of their relationships with colleagues. Those who benefited most from their participation had more collaborative relationships and used data more sophisticatedly. Although it is impossible to generalize beyond the context of this initiative, case studies like these affirm the importance of teacher voice and agency in professional development, especially when facilitated by opportunities for extensive conversations about learning and teaching.     

教师专业自主权的解读及实现

教师专业自主权是一个内涵丰富、涉及范围较广的概念,其涵义具有多面性,因此,只有整合学理、法理、实践等不同层面的认识,才能全面正确理解其要义。自由性、责任性、发展性构成教师自主权的基本内容。教师专业自主权的实现由多种因素决定。外在条件主要包括自由民主的文化氛围、强有力的法律保障、有针对性的管理策略,内在保障主要包括清醒的专业自主意识、较强的执行专业自主权的能力。