美国一流研究型大学教师教育模式及启示——以斯坦福大学教师教育为例

斯坦福大学教师教育专业化模式包括培养领导型教师的愿景、分类培养教师的目标定位、融合型课程结构、"递进式责任制"实习模式、以教师专业标准和学术研究为依托的质量保障等.我国高水平综合大学可以在借鉴美国一流研究型大学教师教育模式的基础上,充分发挥生源优势,提升教师教育课程的融合性,深入挖掘教育实习在教师专业成长中的价值,以培养具有专业权威的领导型教师.同时,要加强教师教育研究,促进教师教育学科与教师培养的协同发展.     

Supply and demand for teachers: is open and distance learning an answer?

Abstract

The sheer number of teachers required to cater for an unprecedented increase in enrolment in developing countries, and corresponding continuous professional development to improve teaching and learning, remain a major problem. Given this problem, I argue that traditional face-to-face training of teachers no longer suffices to manage imbalances in the supply of and demand for teachers in South Africa, and hence the need for open and distance learning. I further argue that the allocation of resources to higher education institutions for teacher training using distance education within South Africa, if not reviewed, will constrain the quality and capacity of institutions to respond adequately to future teacher shortages. I conclude that the discourse on teacher supply and demand should be tempered with awareness of the looming crisis of teacher retention that is always at the periphery of the planning of, and discourse on teacher provision in the country.     

美国教师教育标准的历史逻辑和现实需要

基于"教育质量的关键在教师"的认识,建立教师教育相关标准,提升教师教学工作质量,作为当前教师教育改革的重要取向。本文将尝试分析美国教师教育相关标准形成、发展的历程,从而为当前我国教师教育改革提供必要的背景性认识。     

当前我国师范专业招生问题及对策探讨

文章从分析当前我国师范生招生的录取分数线,院校的评价及录取标准入手,认为当前我国师范专业的招生质量不高,影响到教师教育的质量。文章提出,提高教师社会经济地位;重建师范生的免费制度和教育服务制度———如采取与教育服务挂钩的费用支付制度;建立师范生的招生标准,严格招生程序是提高师范专业招生质量的关键性因素。     

Perspectives on the training of school governing bodies: towards an effective and efficient financial management system

Abstract

The argument of this paper is that the use of distance education methods is essential for the provision of all teacher education in South Africa – not just an option for a few programmes in one or two institutions. For this reason, the challenges of distance teacher education are the major challenges for achieving the goal set out in the National Policy Framework for Teacher Education and Development: ‘more teachers, better teachers’. Challenges include increasing the flexibility and location of current teacher education programmes in order to attract and support a more diverse teacher target audience, designing courses to nurture dialogue and integrate learner support, and moving beyond surface change in response to criticism. Finally, although external quality assurance processes are critical in creating a shared understanding of quality standards and the need for change, quality assessment needs to be followed up with support.     

美国实施“优秀科学教师专业标准”经验述评

美国一向把科学教育看做提高国家竞争力的重要基础,高度关注科学教师的质量。建立专业标准是提高教师质量的基础和前提。联邦政府在长期支持"国家教学专业标准委员会"建立优秀科学教学专业标准并认证优秀科学教师的基础上,近年又在教育发展战略上强调"只有优秀的教师才能培养优秀的学生,高素质的教师队伍是保证教育质量的关键",并从政策上和经费投入上提出"投资卓越教学",推广优秀科学教师实践,借以加强科学教师队伍建设,进而促进整个教育质量提高。本文旨在解读分析美国"国家教学专业标准委员会"开发的优秀科学教师专业标准的准则、内容、特点,从而为我国试行教师专业标准提供可资借鉴的经验。     

美国教师教育改革新趋势对中国的启示

美国奥巴马政府执政以来,增加联邦教育经费,招募教师和吸引人才,进一步提高学生学业标准并奖励优秀教师,出台了一系列对美国的教师教育发展产生深刻影响的教育革新计划。美国大学在通识教育、培养模式、教学实习、教师资格等方面的改革举措有:在教师教育课程方面,更加注重多学科知识基础;在培养模式上更加多元化;延长教育实习期,完善实习专业标准;严格教师资格认定标准,建立考试体系。美国教师教育改革的经验和创新措施,对我国的启示主要有以下四点:建立和完善国家教师教育课程标准,强化教师综合素质提升;完善教育实习顶层制度设计,建立国家级教师教育实习基地;健全和完善国家评定标准,把好教师准入关;完善多层级的专业发展模式,建立教师资格证书进阶制。     

Teacher education for a democratic society in England and South Africa

This paper considers the role of teacher education in England and South Africa in relation to education for democratic citizenship. It argues that teacher education should play a positive role in this respect but there has often been a contradiction between the structures and practices of teacher education and democratic forms of education. The paper analyses teacher education policy in both countries in the light of these arguments. It then goes on to discuss the practice of teacher education in both countries in relation to existing literature and evidence and interviews with student teachers at two universities in England and two in South Africa.     

The potential of teaching schools in enabling student teacher learning for the teaching profession

In 2011 the Integrated Strategic Planning Framework for Teacher Education and Development in South Africa was promulgated. This framework proposes the establishment of teaching schools to strengthen pre-service teacher education. This study arises from this initiative. A generic qualitative study was undertaken to explore the views of research participants from selected teacher education institutions and schools in South Africa on the potential of teaching schools to enable student teacher learning for the teaching profession. The key findings are that teaching schools can potentially make a distinctive contribution towards enabling student teacher learning for the teaching profession through student teachers experiencing good teaching in a model environment and through coordinating experiences in coursework and at the school. The discussion of the findings points to the distinctive potentialities of teaching schools for strengthening teacher education. The notion of hybridity and third space is invoked as a heuristic to shed light on the developing of a true collaborative relationship between the teacher education institution and the teaching school for enabling student teacher learning for the teaching profession.     

南非教师教育制度的重建:进展与成效

民主新南非的教育体系是在种族隔离教育遗产的基础上通过全方位的变革建立起来的。南非教师教育制度的重建是一个漫长、复杂的过程。通过调整管理体制、颁布教师教育标准、优化院校结构、出台国家政策框架等举措,南非已建构起一个以成果和能力为本位的、具有民主治理特质的、一体化、开放式的教师教育与发展体系。国家教师教育与发展政策框架的实施虽然取得了一些成效,但也面临多方面的不确定性和挑战。     

论高校师范生的专业化培养

教师专业化是世界教育发展的潮流,也是我国教育发展和教师教育改革的客观要求。高校师范生作为教师的预备队,在进入教师角色之前,应当接受专业化的教师教育。但目前师范大学改制等引起师范生教育质量滑坡及“师范性”缺失的问题,势必给教师队伍建设及教育的发展带来不良影响。文章通过对当前相关问题的探讨,从学校培养、完善教师资格制度等方面提出了措施和对策。     

Insights from South African students preparing for early childhood teaching: contexts neglected in teacher preparation

The preparation of teachers for diversity within and between schools is a growing focus in teacher education worldwide, and particularly in South Africa, where the education landscape has shifted dramatically since the democratic elections of 1994. While diversity is a recurring theme in the literature, the matter of contextual diversity still offers serious challenges to teacher education. This paper focuses on the urgent need to prepare teachers for all school contexts in South Africa, particularly those where neglect carrying over from Apartheid inequalities make failure and a sense of inferiority the norm. It uses critical theory and the capabilities approach to analyse extracts from discussions with early years’ student teachers which express needs with regard to preparation for specific situations faced during field experience with young children. The analysis shows that these students are not adequately prepared to teach in the previously disadvantaged schools which cater for the majority of South Africa’s learners, and that there is a disjuncture between preparation received in the lecture room and realities encountered in the field. It argues for a shift in emphasis from teacher education models which construct middle class classrooms as ideal to those which build quality education for disadvantaged learners, rural contexts, and African language speakers.     

南非教师教育新政策述评——构建平等与多元的师资培训体系

1994年以来,为应对教师数量的急剧增多,提升师资培训的质量与效益,南非政府颁布了多项教师教育新政策。这些新政策的颁布不仅解决了南非教师教育的多样化需求,同时建立了一个严格的管理和规范教师教育的体系。这是南非教育史上首次形成平等、多元、反种族隔离的师资培训新政策。     

英美大学与中小学合作促进教师专业发展的经验与启示

教师素质的好坏直接影响教育质量的高低,教师教育担负着提高教师素质的重任,可见教师教育改革是教育改革的关键。在20世纪80年代以来的西方新一轮教育改革中,许多国家都将教师培养和培训的改革作为重点。美国的专业发展学校和英国的校本教师培训就是这种改革的产物,它们所反映的面向中小学实际需要的教师教育观,在一定程度上代表了未来教师教育的发展方向。因此,考察英美教师教育改革的经验,能为我国当前的教师教育改革提供有益的启示。     

Redefining what it means to be a teacher through professional standards: implications for continuing teacher education

This article connects with an international debate around the place of professional standards in educational policy targeted at enhancing teacher quality, with associated implications for continuing teacher education. Scotland provides a fertile context for discussion, having developed sets of professional standards in response to a recent national review of career-long teacher education. That review called for a reprofessionalisation of the teaching profession and the revision of the standards was an element of this process. Scotland is utilised as a lens through which one country’s response to international trends is viewed, with a focus on ‘teacher leadership’ and ‘practitioner enquiry’ as policy endorsed sets of practices. The analysis demonstrates the complex and contested nature of these terms and the tensions posed between the need to meet professional standards as part of teacher education and aspirational dimensions of the current policy project of reprofessionalisation. The article concludes by considering the implications for continuing teacher education.     

Preparing Teachers for Anti‐oppressive Education: International movements

While theories and recommendations continue to proliferate in the educational research literature on what it means to teach towards social justice and to prepare teachers for such teaching, so do concerns that these theories and recommendations fail to account for the ways that the contexts of teaching—cultural contexts, national contexts, political contexts—always affect teaching in idiosyncratic, unpredictable and even contradictory ways. Given that much educational research fails to trouble the US‐centric nature of prevailing conceptions of social justice and teacher education, it is important to learn about the unique as well as shared challenges facing teacher educators around the globe. In this article, teacher educators from Asia, Africa, North America and South America offer a sampling of initiatives in anti‐oppressive teacher education; that is, initiatives to prepare teachers to teach various subject matters to various age groups, addressing various forms of oppression in various cultural and community contexts.     

新加坡“精神”取向的教师教育课程改革述评

近年来,为提升教师教育的质量,特别是帮助教师形成独特的教学思想,新加坡开展了一系列的教师教育课程改革,其主旨是关注教师的“精神”养成.与以往的技术和实践取向明显不同, “精神”取向的教师教育课程并不是仅仅帮助师范生成为一个精通教育程序、方法和技能的教育者,而是要懂得怎样使学生获得心灵的成长与精神的陶冶,并且在学习中积极鼓励与促进学生的自主学习.新加坡的“精神”取向的教师教育课程改革关注以下几点:首先,帮助教师理解新的时代、新的学习环境,从而逐步形成具有挑战力的精神.其次,帮助教师不断形成良好的人文伦理精神与高尚的道德品质.第三,帮助教师逐步形成教育的专业信念与人文精神.     

我国农村教师教育制度反思

教师教育是培养教师主战场,农村教师教育质量的好坏直接决定我国农村教师队伍和农村教育质量。农村教师教育制度的特殊性在于"农村性"。目前,我国农村教师教育制度存在"离农"倾向、缺乏灵活性、"育"与"训"分离等问题,因此,我国农村教师教育制度改革应坚持"农村"取向、建立开放的农村教师教育制度、强化免费师范生"务农"责任。     

瑞典教师职业发展概况研究

瑞典教育在20世纪60年代迎来了发展的高潮期,从最初教师教育计划到后来的在职培训都经历了巨大的变革。因此教师以及相关教师教育的一些事件与这些任务和期望有着非常迫切和复杂的关系。一般来说,这包括为教师提供合适的职业支持和培训,还涉及到如职业道德、职业结构、教学思想、教学文化、策略中心,教育质量以及教育研究在职业发展中所扮演的角色等等。     

School leadership in the Caribbean: perceptions,practices, paradigms

This paper will focus on the shifts in discourses about teacher education and teacher voice within the South African research and policy environment over the last four decades. The alignment of the political and educational agenda in providing resistance to the apartheid system culminated in 1994, the start of the new democracy. The preceding 20 years (1974–1994) were characterised by defiance of the subjugation of teachers’ voices, and the need to find agency amongst teachers. The shifting agenda of the strong teacher union movement during these resistance years and within the post-apartheid 20 years (1994–2014) is the subject of this paper. The attempt to generate a focus on teacher professional quality agendas is presently becoming increasingly challenging. Has the teacher agency agenda produced a disregard for teacher professional development? Are teachers protective of their own inadequacies to enact the transformation for which they campaigned? Are the new educational authorities reverting to yet another form of earlier accountability and performativity regimes to regulate teachers? The paper traces a critical account of these shifting historical trends in activating teacher voice. It argues for ‘deliberative action’ to reassert teacher voice.