大学英语教学应加强测试改革

英语测试,作为英语教学的一种具体手段,在日常教学活动及其它活动中用途广泛。本文根据测试的目的和用途,主要介绍了四种不同的测试手段——水平考试、成绩考试、分班考试、诊断考试,并就测试具体实施过程中出现的测试内容设计、测试手段的选择以及如何处理测试与素质教育的关系提出了一些看法和改革措施。     

Cognitive Teaching Methods for Special Education: Development of Approaches for Intervention and Assessment in Germany

FOLLOWING a short introduction to historical aspects of the development of cognitive teaching methods, four current areas of research are described: cognitive behaviour modification with a focus on problem solving and metacognitive abilities, comprising the methods of cognitive modelling and self‐instruction; intelligence training based on the theoretical propositions of inductive thinking; attempts at applying Piagetian concepts as a conceptual framework for education and training; dynamic testing, focussing on modifiability of performance and thus bridging the gap between diagnostic assessment and education. Basic theoretical assumptions, methods and applications are separately discussed for each of these fields. Empirical data are presented for evaluation of their level of development Summarizing the results, it seems, that promising effects of training and fruitful application of diagnostic procedures can be obtained; however, implementation of the respective methods in special education settings does not show great progress. It is, thus, concluded that research on implementation is indispensable.     

Developing Score Reports for Cognitive Diagnostic Assessments

This paper presents a framework to provide a structured approach for developing score reports for cognitive diagnostic assessments (CDAs). Guidelines for reporting and presenting diagnostic scores are based on a review of current educational test score reporting practices and literature from the area of information design. A sample diagnostic report is presented to illustrate application of the reporting framework in the context of one CDA procedure called the Attribute Hierarchy Method. Integration and application of interdisciplinary techniques from education, information design, and technology are required for effective score reporting. While the AHM is used in this paper, this framework is applicable to any attribute-based diagnostic testing method.     

人工神经网络在膀胱癌诊断中的应用

目的：探讨应用BP神经网络技术建立诊断模型来判断膀胱癌的可行性。方法：153例患者分为训练集和测试集,应用BP神经网络模型,建立人工神经网络诊断模型,然后随机抽样测试样本输入模型进行预测。结果：人工神经网络预测膀胱癌的灵敏度为100％,特异度为92．3％。结论：人工神经网络诊断模型对膀胱癌的判断有良好的诊断性能。     

Diagnosing Teachers’ Understandings of Rational Numbers: Building a Multidimensional Test Within the Diagnostic Classification Framework

We report a multidimensional test that examines middle grades teachers’ understanding of fraction arithmetic, especially multiplication and division. The test is based on four attributes identified through an analysis of the extensive mathematics education research literature on teachers’ and students’ reasoning in this content area. We administered the test to a national sample of 990 in‐service middle grades teachers and analyzed the item responses using the log‐linear cognitive diagnosis model. We report the diagnostic quality of the test at the item level, mastery classifications for teachers, and attribute relationships. Our results demonstrate that, when a test is grounded in research on cognition and is designed to be multidimensional from the onset, it is possible to use diagnostic classification models to detect distinct patterns of attribute mastery.     

基于能力本位的高职教育考核评价方法刍议

目前高职生的考核评价方法已成为制约高职教育培养高素质技能人才的瓶颈之一。针对当前高职教育考核评价方法存在的问题,应树立以能力测试为中心的现代考试观,并从评价内容、评价方式、考试方法和考试结果诊断反馈机制等方面进行改革,以促进高职教育人才培养质量的提高。     

高职英语在线诊断和训练系统的构建研究

诊断和训练是教学的重要手段与内容,而自主设计和开发的高职英语在线诊断和训练系统不仅为学生的个性化自主学习和终身学习提供及时的反馈和诊断性建议,同时对高职英语教学起到一定的指导作用。本文旨在讨论如何构建高职英语在线诊断和训练系统。     

高职汽车维修人才培养定位

本文通过对我国汽车人才需求的分析,得到我国汽车行业人才岗位主要分布情况。针对我国目前高职汽车专业人才培养存在的问题,指出高职汽车维修专业应培养从事汽车故障诊断与排除、汽车维修质量检验、汽车性能检测、汽车维修业务接待与管理等岗位工作,具有良好的职业道德、必备的知识和学习能力、较强的实践操作技能的高素质高技能专门人才。     

An interactive diagnosis approach for supporting clinical nursing courses

Clinical resources in nursing schools are always insufficient for satisfying the practice requirements of each student at the same time during a formal course session. Although several studies have applied information and communication technology to develop computer-based learning tools for addressing this problem, most of these developments lack appropriate interactive and diagnostic services to assist students in bridging theory–practice gaps and realizing individual flaws in their nursing skills. Therefore, this study aims to develop an interactive clinical learning and diagnosis system that provides a web-based interactive learning environment and personalized diagnostic service for nursing education. An experiment was conducted in a foundations of nursing course at a nursing college in Taiwan. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is helpful to students in improving their learning motivation, performance, and attitude. Moreover, it was also found that most students showed positive perceptions toward the usage of the proposed system.     

Cognitive Diagnostic Multistage Testing by Partitioning Hierarchically Structured Attributes

In cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs), a set of fine-grained attributes is required to characterize complex problem solving and provide detailed diagnostic information about an examinee. However, it is challenging to ensure reliable estimation and control computational complexity when The test aims to identify the examinee's attribute profile in a large-scale map of attributes. To address this problem, this study proposes a cognitive diagnostic multistage testing by partitioning hierarchically structured attributes (CD-MST-PH) as a multistage testing for CDM. In CD-MST-PH, multiple testlets can be constructed based on separate attribute groups before testing occurs, which retains the advantages of multistage testing over fully adaptive testing or the on-the-fly approach. Moreover, testlets are offered sequentially and adaptively, thus improving test accuracy and efficiency. An item information measure is proposed to compute the discrimination power of an item for each attribute, and a module assembly method is presented to construct modules anchored at each separate attribute group. Several module selection indices for CD-MST-PH are also proposed by modifying the item selection indices used in cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing. The results of simulation study show that CD-MST-PH can improve test accuracy and efficiency relative to the conventional test without adaptive stages.     

从大众化进程中审视成人高等教育招生考试改革

成人高等教育是实现我国高等教育大众化的重要途径。当今成人高等教育招生考试制度的突出矛盾,是教育行政部门的统一控制与成人高校要求扩大招生自主权之间的矛盾,主要存在着考试目标偏差、成教特色模糊、地区差异性不突出、考试形式单一等诸多问题。要解决上述矛盾和问题,就必须理念回归,体制创新,管理科学,形式多样。     

Making Diagnostic Inferences About Cognitive Attributes Using the Rule-Space Model and Attribute Hierarchy Method

The purpose of this paper is to describe the logic and identify key assumptions associated with making cognitive inferences using two attribute-based psychometric methods. The first method is Kikumi Tatsuoka's rule-space model. This model provides a strong point of reference for studying the nature of diagnostic inferences because it is important in the evolution of skills diagnostic testing and it is well documented. The second method is a new procedure called the attribute hierarchy method that was developed from the rule-space approach. Although the attribute hierarchy method shares many commonalities with rule space, it represents an extension by including an attribute hierarchy that serves as an explicit cognitive model of task performance designed to link psychometric practices with contemporary cognitive theories. In this paper, we describe and compare these two attribute-based psychometric methods and identify new directions for research and practice in skills diagnostic testing.     

认知诊断技术在学科学业评价中的应用——以初中一年级“有理数及其运算”为例

当前,中小学学业评价中以考试总分为结果报告的主要方式,这虽然可以判断学生在特定团体中所处的位置以及学生总体上的学习情况,但是却不能明确地指出学生的认知优势或劣势,不能有效地提供“学生掌握了或未掌握什么知识、技能”等信息,也不能有效地让教师因材施教、实现针对性教学。基于这一情况,本研究将教育测量中的前沿技术——认知诊断应用于学业成就评价,以初中一年级数学“有理数及其运算”为例,介绍了认知诊断技术在数学学业评价中的应用过程,为教师改进教学、促进学生发展提供有效支持。     

基于平台的双螺旋诊断机制在专业课教学中发挥诊断作用之研究

随着我国产业结构升级转型,对职业教育提出更高要求。我校采用基于平台的“双螺旋”诊断机制推动教学诊断与改进工作实施,文章以《自动控制技术》课程为案例说明基于平台的“双螺旋”诊断机制在专业课教学诊改工作发挥的作用,并以此为教学诊断工作实施提供案例参考。     

自学考试应列入正规教育

自学考试能否划归正规教育,当今学界对此的认识并不一致。自学考试符合正规教育在国家颁布的学制系统中所具备的各种条件或要素,且《高等教育法》已把自学考试列入我国高等教育的基本制度,纳入国家教育体系。因此,自学考试应划归于正规教育之列。     

The construction of the ‘ideal pupil’ and pupils’ perceptions of ‘misbehaviour’ and discipline: contrasting experiences from a low‐socio‐economic and a high‐socio‐economic primary school

This paper examines the effect of school social class composition on pupil learner identities in British primary schools. In the current British education system, high‐stakes testing has a pervasive effect on the pedagogical relationship between teachers and pupils. The data in this paper, from ethnographic research in a working‐class school and a middle‐class school, indicate that the effect of the ‘testing culture’ is much greater in the working‐class school. Using Bernsteinian theory and the concept of the ‘ideal pupil’, it is shown that these pupils’ learner identities are more passive and dominated by issues of discipline and behaviour rather than academic performance, in contrast to those in the middle‐class school. While this study includes only two schools, it indicates a potentially significant issue for neo‐liberal education policy where education is marketised and characterised by high‐stakes testing, and schools are polarised in terms of social class.     

Teacher Testing: A symptom

Teacher testing, as it is currently construed, is a symptom of what is wrong with American public education. The fervor for ever-higher stakes associated with teacher testing illustrates how deeply entrenched and outmoded our wrong-headed approach has become. With the inception of Title II of the Higher Education Act, the federal government has begun a process of employing such tests not only for entry to the classroom by individuals, but for determining which institutions of higher education will have the right to prepare candidates for licensure. Emerging from legitimate origins and egalitarian motives, the uses of standardized tests have moved into increasingly dangerous political waters including attacks on public education. In America, these punitive and unscientific applications are reaching their apotheosis today in high-stakes K-12 student and teacher testing, with consequences that affect the foundations of public education with broad consequences for United States society.     

试论正确运用测试反拨作用的重要性

应试教育正向素质教育转轨,这就要求人们对考试在教育中的作用有一个正确的理解,使考试回归到它应有的位置上去．本文通过对一次考试成绩的分析,探讨了考试反拨作用的正确利用对指导学生学法、改进教学方法以及提高测试质量等方面的积极作用．     

论自学考试的教育属性

围绕自学考试是考试制度还是教育制度这一问题,多年来一直争论不休。有人以为：自学考试既是一种教育制度又是一种考试制度。在研究自学考试发展规律与运作机制时,不能将两个制度置于同一层次上考虑,否则将失去自学考试的应有特色；自学考试是一种教育制度,教育属性是其质的规定性,具有继续教育和终身教育的性质,其最大特色是开放办学,以考促教。