How Old Are They

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Academic Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy: How Different Are They Really?

Academic motivation researchers sometimes struggle to decipher the distinctive characteristics of what appear to be highly analogous constructs. In this article, we discuss important similarities between self-concept and self-efficacy as well as some notable differences. Both constructs share many similarities such as centrality of perceived competence in construct definition; use of mastery experience, social comparison, and reflected appraisals as major information sources; and a domain-specific and multidimensional nature. Both predict motivation, emotion, and performance to varying degrees. However, there are also important differences. These differences include integration vs. separation of cognition and affect, heavily normative vs. goal-referenced evaluation of competence, aggregated vs. context-specific judgment, hierarchical vs. loosely hierarchical structure, past vs. future orientation, and relative temporal stability vs. malleability. We argue that self-efficacy acts as an active precursor of self-concept development and suggest that self-concept research separate out its multiple components and subprocesses and invest more effort toward making students less preoccupied with normative ability comparisons in school.     

成为志愿者的万千理由

Yes,volunteering makes you feel good.Yes,you learn from other people.But there are many other reasons people volunteer,too.And here are ten from 1)Matador members who are 2)experienced volunteers.     

Because They Are Girls

<正>"The emotional,sexual,and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says,‘It’s a girl,’"says Shirley Chisholm(Nasreen 2012),an American politician.Gender bias exists in the United States,but in China,it is more serious.When a fetus is determined as a girl,she is more likely to be aborted;when an infant is known as a girl,she is more likely to be abandoned;when a child is accepted as a girl,she is more     

有缘牵手

From romance on the set to hookingup at a Hollywood bash , find out how celeb couples got together.     

并非作用力和反作用力

学习了牛顿定律后知道,力是物体间的相互作用。也就是说力是相互的,也就是说甲物体给乙物体一个作用的同时,乙物体也给甲物体一个作用力。我们把这两个力称为作用力和反作用力,甲、乙两个物体可称为施力物体或受力物体。如图     

Are They Getting There?

A familiar situation, lateness of trains, is considered. The problems of quantifying it are considered together with situations where the binomial distribution, confidence intervals means and medians etc. can be used.     

从取得方式看固定资产价值的计量

企业固定资产的取得方式不同,则其成本的计量方法也不尽相同,固定资产进行计价时,必须准确把握资产价值的构成内容.     

唐诗中的胡人形象－兼谈中国文学中的胡人描写

从形象学理论视角看，唐诗中胡人形象往往沿两条路径塑造，一是尽可能地被描绘得具有华夏中土人的情感指向和日常习见习感的伦理关怀；二是极力地强调胡人与中原人的不同之点，并不以这些不同存在的就产生歧视（个别的除外）心理，往往还是觉得新奇有趣，甚至倾向企慕。这是对华夏固有的“夷夏之辨”的一种挑战，表明了中国文学中对于非汉族的空前宽容，这是一种迹近正常的对外心态，不能不说是一个历史性的进步。     

当你老了

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儿童教育与其生存状况的冲突与调适

儿童教育应该致力于诱导孩子们产生热爱生活的积极的情感态度,并诱导孩子们去认识生活、理解生活、体验生活、学会生活和热爱生活.然而,现实中儿童教育凌驾于儿童生活,使得儿童承担着前所未有的压力,成为社会上生存最为艰难的群体之一.正确的儿童教育应遵循儿童生命发展的内在逻辑,遵循儿童发展的规律和天性,使儿童过上美好生活.这应是我们教育者努力追求的方向.     

Old childbirth educators never die ... They just labor away

Teaching childbirth education classes year after year can become monotonous or stale for some educators. Consequently, their students may also become bored. Rejuvinating one's professional self takes effort; however, the results are a renewed sense of purpose and a more exhilarating atmosphere in class.     

Preservice Teachers' School Stories and How They Matter

Abstract

In order to address national standards for educational technology, science teaching and science teacher preparation (including diversity standards), preservice teachers instruct children from around the world via the Internet in the MOON (More Observations of Nature) Project. First, children in the fourth to eighth grade and preservice teachers independently observe the moon for 10 weeks. Then for 6 weeks in Blackboard CourseInfo, discussion groups composed of one preservice teacher plus 8–10 children report observations and seek patterns in their data. This article describes how the MOON Project has been carried out for five semesters and how modifications have been made in response to each semester's experience.     

Do They Know What They Are Doing? Children's Use of Economical Addition Strategies and Knowledge of Commutativity

Children's methods of solving addition problems progress towards strategies that reverse the order of addends. The role knowledge of commutativity plays in this development is not clear. Previous studies suggest some use the strategies without believing addend order is irrelevant to addition. The numbers of such children are very small and the tests of commutativity may be inaccurate. Two studies using new tasks compare strategy use and knowledge. In the first, 47/48 children between 6 and 10 years old predicted order of addends would not alter quantity in some contexts. They also predominantly used strategies that reversed addend order. In the second study, 5‐year‐olds (18/24) were more likely to know commutativity than to use a strategy that reversed addend order or to answer sums correctly. Knowing commutativity precedes using strategies that presuppose it and does not derive from doing sums. Representing the addends with objects induced more arithmetic errors. Children used less accurate strategies when they could see the objects.     

How Good Are Our Schools

ABSTRACT

Research suggests a positive relationship between schools’ efforts to engage parents and parents’ involvement in their child's education. The authors investigated school socioeconomic status, school size, grade level, and student–teacher ratio as predictors of schools’ efforts to engage parents of students receiving special education services. The dependent variable was the Schools’ Efforts to Partner with Parents’ Scale, which has been validated for states’ use in their federal accountability systems. Mean school-level scores were calculated for 265 schools in a large southeastern state. Results indicated that student–teacher ratio was the strongest predictor of parents’ perceived school engagement efforts. Implications are drawn for ways in which all schools, including those with high student–teacher ratios, can improve their collaboration with parents of students receiving special education services.     

How New Words Are Formed

With the development of the society and culture, English vocabulary change rapidly. English has always been in a state of evolution. In recent years new words enter the English language at an increasing rate. This paper makes an attempt to analyze eight ways of new English word formation, creating, blending, shortening, functional shift, back- formation, affixation, compounding and borrowing — by presenting mainly English examples.