科学哲学及其实在论本质的先验分析

科学哲学以及相关的自然科学在本质上是关于实在的知识。但这一结论本身只有在先验的视域中才能显示出清晰的含义,一般关于实在论的讨论也只有在先验视域中才能有逻辑的结果。然而在这一视域中的考察也表明,科学哲学的“超验性”问题又是与其实在本质直接相关的,先验哲学在研究其发生发展规律的同时又承认这一点。整个20世纪科学哲学进程都表明了一个科学的经验实在（论）的性质,同时这一进程也证实了先验哲学关于先天知识（先验逻辑）的普遍有效性的论述。     

Feyerabend revisited: Epistemological anarchy and disciplined eclecticism in educational research

Discussion between the adherents of various orientations within educational research has often generated more heat than light. A pervasive analogy drawn in these discussions has been between the philosophy of science and educational research. In this paper I explore the value of several influential perspectives within twentieth century philosophy of science as means of understanding what researchers in education do, and why. I suggest that Paul Feyerabend’s ‘anything goes’ epistemological perspective has much to offer in supporting rich educational research. If positivist standards of validity and reliability are no longer considered appropriate for some forms of educational research, however, new standards for justification and representation, explicitly stated within the research, will be necessary.     

Competency in Critical Thinking: A Requirement for the “Allied Professional”

This article on critical thinking using informal logic was developed for all allied professionals, especially physical education and (educational) sport teachersfmanagers. A brief discussion of the historical background of the topic includes a short statement on the elements of more formal, categorical logic to emphasize that every argument must be placed in reasonably standard argument format. However, the bulk of this analysis will focus on critical thinking, or informal logic, as applied to the managerial role that all within the professions assume to varying degrees. The discussion will center on the need to think clearly and will present a limited discussion of critical thinking, including definitions of ambiguity, sound arguments, and relevant statements and an introduction to fallacies.     

论麦加拉-斯多葛学派的条件句逻辑思想——兼论条件句逻辑的起源和发展

麦加拉学派和斯多葛学派是古希腊罗马时期的两个重要哲学派别,他们十分重视条件命题的讨论和研究,形成了费罗蕴涵、第奥多鲁蕴涵、联结蕴涵和包含蕴涵等具有重大意义和深远影响的蕴涵理论,他们的蕴涵理论可以说是条件句逻辑的起源,现代条件句逻辑的许多思想都来源于此。     

History and Nature of Science in High School: Building Up Parameters to Guide Educational Materials and Strategies

This article presents the main results of a research examining the didactic transposition of history and philosophy of science in high school level. The adaptation of history of science to this particular level, addressing some aspects of the nature of science aiming at the students’ critical engagement, was analyzed by examining both the historiographic requirements of history of science and the pedagogical recommendations of science teaching. The research included the elaboration of a pilot course on the history of optics, with historical texts and educational activities, and its application in a high school. We used three episodes of the history of optics, addressing some epistemological points, especially criticizing the naive empirical-inductive view of science. It was possible to identify a series of obstacles in using history of science and conveying philosophical views. Their analysis resulted in devising strategies to surmount or to circumvent them. We implemented those strategies in the classroom and analyzed the data that was obtained. As a result, we substantiated several of our proposals and found that some solutions require improvement. We suggest some generalizations, which can be understood as initial parameters for guiding the use of history and philosophy of science in science teaching. We used a qualitative methodology of educational research to plan, to collect and to analyze the data, examining the interaction between students, teacher and knowledge.     

Narrative analysis as philosophical research: Bridging the gap between the empirical and the conceptual

There is a longstanding debate about what can be expected from philosophy of education and what its place can be in educational theory. A remarkable resemblance can be found between the debate about the usefulness of qualitative research methods and the kinds of insights they produce. The debate between proponents of empirical (quantitative) research and of qualitative research can be traced to the opposition between the need for understanding and the desire to manipulate. We argue that empirical qualitative research is of a similar nature to philosophical research, its aim being mainly to understand a human practice. We offer a framework that allows the clarification of what may be expected from an educational science and consequently from qualitative research methods: taking as one?s starting point human experience, providing comments, and thus trying to open the eyes of others to particular human realities.     

A Case Study of the Use of Internet Photobook Technology to Enhance Early Childhood “Scientist” Identity

There are many influences on a child’s identity. Photobook technology purposefully prepared around science explorations presents a modern opportunity to repeatedly trigger memories that reinforce the “me, as scientist” viewpoint. Semi-structured interviews at 6 and 8 years of age were conducted with a child who was the subject of a photobook of everyday science activities to gain insights into his thinking about the nature of science and how he interprets his younger self participating. Interview data were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using dimensions from the previously established parameters for the nature of science. The child’s statements about his participation in the photos were matched to these dimensions to consider how he sees himself “doing science” through his early years. Preliminary findings suggest that the child recognizes elements of science and regards himself as an active participant. In both interviews, the child reinforces these views by the opportunity to revisit the experiences in the photobook. Affective components may motivate further science involvement as well: the child enjoyed the time and attention that the photos and discussion provided; the child took pride in being the subject of a book. This case study suggests that there is a fertile field of research to investigate how, for whom, and in what ways internet photobook technology may enhance a child’s developing identity as capable science explorer.     

对《逻辑哲学论》科学观的逻辑重构

前期维特根斯坦的哲学是一种语言批判,通过对语言的逻辑进行研究,为可说和不可说的领域划定界限。在逻辑分析的视角下重构他的科学观,能更清楚理解他对科学的定位和评价。他的科学观表现为:(1)哲学与科学既非奠基、也非取消的关系,哲学在科学之外,为科学划定界限;(2)逻辑之知具有先天性和必然性,科学之知具有后天性和偶然性;(3)自然律的形式桥接了逻辑形式和自然律的内容,保证了科学知识中形式和内容的统一。前期维特根斯坦独特的科学观,可以为进一步思考科学的本性、哲学与科学的关系提供重要启示。     

人工智能研究对归纳逻辑的新理解——从科学哲学与逻辑哲学观点看

从科学哲学观点看 ,人工智能领域机器学习研究的进展 (如ID3和GOLEM)表明 ,培根的机械归纳方法与波普尔的证伪方法具有互补性 ;从逻辑哲学观点看 ,作为非经典逻辑的现代归纳逻辑正在向AI领域拓展。通过与PROLOG的类比 (它将控制引入计算机逻辑 )表明 ,存在着作为推理 +控制的归纳逻辑。     

一种旧的新逻辑:实质归纳理论

诺顿在古德曼和亨普尔等人的启发下,结合他的科学哲学研究背景,提出一种不同于他所定义的“形式归纳理论”的“实质归纳理论”,强调归纳的局部应用性,拒斥普遍的归纳推理模式。归纳推理的基础往往建立在具体领域的事实之上,因此所有的归纳推理都是局部的。诺顿认为归纳推理模式是由事实授权的,我们可以通过考察这些事实的可靠性来评估归纳风险。同时实质归纳理论不再区分归纳的事实部分和模式部分,所以不易受休谟问题的影响。但我们发现,诺顿的归纳辩护面临着亟待解决的问题,其理论也遭受多方面的批评。实质归纳理论是归纳逻辑领域的前沿性成果,引起了逻辑学界和科学哲学界的广泛关注,一定程度上体现了归纳逻辑的强劲生命力和广阔的发展前景。     

The Learning Research Cycle: Bridging Research and Practice

A science teacher and her mentor reflect on their participation in the Learning Research Cycle, a professional learning model that bridges research and practice in both university and public school contexts. Teachers do scientific research in scientists’ laboratories, then bridge their scientific experiences with the design of new classroom learning environments and teacher-driven educational research projects. Science students do scientific research via their teachers’ lessons that bridge laboratory research with classroom learning. Scientists and educational researchers bridge their research interests to create new questions centered on teaching and learning in authentic science learning environments. The authors engaged in this qualitative inquiry present their perspectives on “what goes on,” “what we have learned,” and “what it means to the larger community.”     

Contributions from the Philosophy of Science to the Education of Science Teachers

One of the most important topics on the international agenda in educational research is to gain an understanding of the processes of educational change in teachers and of the factors that favour or hinder it. Such understanding is, for instance, an essential element in planning and putting into practice initial and ongoing teacher education programs. This article reviews the research on science teachers’ educational change. To organize the information, an analogy is made with the process of scientific change, analyzing and evaluating the contributions of the different models taken from the philosophy of science – positivism, Popper’s principle of falsifiability, Lakatos’ scientific research programs, Laudan’s research traditions, Toulmin’s evolutionism, and Kuhn’s relativism. We conclude the article with the implications for science teacher education.     

美国“服务学习”的最新进展

服务学习是当前美国盛行的一种把学术课程学习与社区服务相结合的实践教育模式。其兴起既基于美国社会推行社区服务的良好传统,也基于改革教育模式的发展需求。新世纪以来,美国服务学习进入了一个新的发展高潮,并获得联邦政府政策和普通公众的大力支持。与此同时,服务学习的发展也面临着不少尚待解决的问题。