藻苔纲Takakiopsida，一个独特的苔藓植物类群

藻苔属Takakia在建立之初被认为是原始的苔类植物。这一神秘类群的出现引起了苔藓学家的兴趣，发表了一系列相关的论文。但是随着其孢子体的发现，它的系统位置引起了争论。本文详细分析了藻苔属植物的形态性状特征，参考了大量其他学科的研究成果，认为它既不能归于类，也不能归于苔类。就其系统位置而言，应该成为一独立的纲——藻苔纲。     

中国叶附生苔类植物的研究(二)——西藏的叶附生苔

 Meto situated in the southeastern Tibet, about  30°N' Lat., enjoys a tropical climate.  Below 2500m. altitude, there are monsoon rain forests and broad-leaved evergreen forests, from which the Tibetan scientific expedition has gathered 71 speci- mens of epiphyllous liverworts representing 26 species and 2 varieties in 13 genera. This may be considered as a distinct subzone for the epiphyllous liverworts in the south part of the Tibetan East Himalaya.     

中国发现最原始的鸟类化石

以中国地质科学院季强研究员为首的研究小组，在河北丰宁晚中生年代的地层中首次发现了世界上最原始的鸟类化石，研究人员已经将其正式命名为华美金凤鸟。有关这一新发现的初步研究成果已发表在今年3月出版的《地质通报》上，它标志着我国鸟类起源研究再次获得了重大进展并处于国际领先水平。     

中国西藏合叶苔属（合叶苔科）一新种——片毛合叶苔

描述了采自中国西藏的苔类植物新种片毛合叶苔Scapania macroparaphyllia T. Cao, C. Gao & J. Sun。新种与腋毛合叶苔S. bolanderi Aust.相近，区别特征为：植物体小，叶腋内假鳞毛状附属物大，呈长片状；叶缘齿细胞单列，通常1-3个细胞长；叶表面角质层粗糙，具圆密疣，疣大,直径达6-7 μm。     

原始的服饰——中国史前考古漫录

自古以来,人类所拥有的标准意义的衣服都是用纺与织的方法制成的。纺技与织技在早期农业社会就已出现,纺技出现当更早。人类在数千年的时光里都是使用最简单的纺轮作工具,将丝麻拧结为线,虽然它的功效比不了纺车,原理却是一样的。人类正是通过这飞旋的纺轮与纺车,获得了御寒的衣装和华美的礼服。     

中国广西蛛毛苣苔属(苦苣苔科)一新种——桂林蛛毛苣苔

描述了采自中国广西的苦苣苔科新种桂林蛛毛苣苔Paraboea guilinensis L. Xu & Y. G. Wei。新种体态及叶形接近厚叶蛛毛苣苔P. crassifolia (Hemsl.) Burtt，与后者不同在于叶革质，花序梗、花梗及花萼均无毛，花冠明显二唇形，蒴果不旋扭。     

在水边生活的鲸——现代鲸与原始鲸之间的过渡物种被发现

站立起来高0．6～0．9米、能趟过浅浅的河水,这就是生活在4800万年前的名为Indohyus的偶蹄类动物化石。美国东北俄亥俄大学医学院的汉斯·舍维森在印控克什米尔地区——印度与巴基斯坦之间备受争议的地区——发现了这个像鹿一样的食草动物的化石,它生活在5600万～3400万年前的始新世。     

浅析中国原始艺术符号——岩画的象征意义

岩画作为最古老的艺术形式之一,以其神秘、古拙、抽象、明快和意味无穷而令现代人感到妙不可言。由于先民的真挚、纯情和物我两忘而使他们的作品化入了一种空灵的境界,岩画是先民们为生存而被激发出来的全部情感的倾注,是他们的生命艺术形式,原始岩画艺术符号———美的魅力也正在这里。     

一个偶然之间的伟大发现

一个偶然之间的发现,道理说清楚了又很简单,却让发现者获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。他是怎么发现的？为什么这项发现意义如此重大？     

西藏菊科植物

 1)  The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera, which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220 genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com- positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China. Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.      In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30 species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And 5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium, Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87% of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.      2)  The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan- Ynnnan.  With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common, also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris- tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain range of the Himalayas.  The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.      Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu, Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.      However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele- ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com- positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re- gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting of the Himalayas.  The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger age.       3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau.     

西藏蓝藻门新植物

Cyanophyta of Xizang,  Clastidium sicyoideum,  Phormidium valderia- num var longiarticulatum,  P. valderianum var validum,  Lyngbya plicata,  Homoeo- thrix lyngbyoides,  Hammatoidea xizangensis,  Rivularia thermalis,  Calothrix alternans, C. polymorpha     

西藏嵩草属（莎草科）的修订

在标本观察和野外调查的基础上，对西藏的嵩草属Kobresia植物进行了分类学修订，共确认了36种和1亚种。更正了6个类群的学名，它们正确的名称是K. esenbeckii，K. fissiglumis，K. gammiei，K. littledalei，K. myosuroides ssp. bistaminata和K. vaginosa。有13个名称，即K. angusta，K. cercostachys var. capillacea，K. clarkeana，K. curticeps var. gyirongensis，K. deasyi，K. glaucifolia，K. hookeri，K. nudicarpa，K. prainii var. elliptica，K. seticulmis，K. stenocarpa，K. stenocarpa var. simplex和K. williamsii处理为异名，其中K. prainii var. elliptica，K. glaucifolia和K. stenocarpa var. simplex为新异名。发现了西藏分布的一个新记录种密穗嵩草K. handel-mazzettii。还收录了最近发表的假钩状嵩草K. pseuduncinoides和阔鳞嵩草K. woodii。此外，重新编制了西藏嵩草属分种和亚种检索表，并较为详细地登记了各类群在西藏的分布地点。     

西藏豆科植物区系的形成与分化

 Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16 species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175 species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North  America, Mediterranean and Central Asia.       1.  There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. Accord- ing to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution, it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely distributed in the southern Hemisphere.  The other two genera might have been derived from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas.       2. An analysis of temperate genera       There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Cara- gana.       Astragalus  is a  cosmopolitan  genus comprising 2000 species, with its center distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and Xizang Plateau.       Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%) to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentia- tion of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of the subgenus, are distributed in this region.  The species in the region mainly occur in alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions.      The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species.  For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia.      The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau.  The distribution, formation and differ- entiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus.  These two genera are usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine mea- dow and steppe.      Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xi- zang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mon- golia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species reaching up to 50%.      3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera      There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that they are less differentiated than the temperate genera.      However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to Oha- Shi,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Hima- laya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium.  The subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14 species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya.  They are closely related to species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close con- nections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter.      Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium. Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino- Himalaya and three of them are endemic.      An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribu- tion of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium is in the Sino-Himalaya region.      Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree.     

西藏虾脊兰属一新种

Calanthe tangmaiensis K. Y. Lang & Y. Tateishi (Orchidaceae) isdescribed as new from Xizang, China.