春秋五霸

春秋时期,周王室势力日渐衰落。一些强大的诸侯,无视王室,互相攻战,甚至攻打周天子。比较明智的大诸侯则提出“尊王壤夷”,争取周王和别的诸侯的信任、服从,从而成为霸主。霸主成了周天子的代表,其他小诸侯要向他进贡。霸主发动战争,其他国要出兵帮他打仗。这个时期先后称霸的齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、吴王夫差、越王勾践被称为“春秋五霸”。另有一种说法认     

“春秋五霸”正名

春秋时期,是我国历史上大变革的重要时期。这一时期,周天子的威信丧失殆尽,仅存“共主”虚名。王室的辖地愈来愈小,人口也不断减少。而各诸侯国却日益强大,他们非但不向周王述职纳贡,而且“礼乐征伐自诸侯出”,“兴师不请天子,然挟王室之义,以讨伐,为会盟主,”都想做霸主,形成诸侯争霸的战乱局面。因此,“春秋五霸”应运而生,但究竟是谁当过霸主?长期以来,说     

试论春秋时期晋国霸主与周王室的关系

春秋时期周王室衰微,已经失去号令诸侯的能力。晋国经过改革后,国力大增,继齐之后称霸。晋文公也打出了＂尊王攘夷＂的旗帜,以达到＂挟天子以令诸侯＂的目的;晋国既想摆脱周王室控制,又想利用王室达到号令诸侯的目的;周天子虽说徒有虚名,但其声望还是起一定作用的;周王室与晋国之间是既相互利用又相互猜忌的复杂的关系。     

试论春秋时期诸小国与周王室关系

春秋时期周王室衰微,已经失去号令诸侯的能力。齐国经过改革后,国力大增,首先称霸,并打出了"尊王攘夷"的旗帜,以达到"挟天子以令诸侯"的目的。其他大国也相继称霸,诸小国夹在大国和周王室之间,不知所从。周天子虽说徒有虚名,但其声望还是能起一定作用的。周王室与小国之间是既相互利用又相互依存的复杂关系。     

孔子对王室与政府职责的分工思想——从礼乐征伐自天子出与自诸侯出之区别谈起

孔子曾以“天下无道”来批判春秋时期“礼乐征伐自诸侯出”的政治混乱,但是孔子崇尚的“礼乐征伐自周天子出”并不是要周天子独裁一切,而是强调尊重作为“国家元首”的周天子名分,同时孔子并没有反对和无视春秋时期崛起的“兴绝国,继灭世”的诸侯长领袖国内行政的权威.孔子认为:作为国家主权的代表和政权合法性之所在的王室与以施政能力为长的政府官员各有职责分工且相互配合,具体表现就是孔子对王室的要求主要在“德”,对政府官员的要求则主要在“能”.     

诸侯相接以敬让——从《礼记·聘义》看先秦时期的聘问礼

聘问礼属于五礼中的宾礼,是西周、春秋时期邦交中天子与诸侯之间、诸侯与诸侯之间的一项重要的交往礼仪,主要有诸侯聘问天子、天子聘问诸侯和诸侯之间的聘问三种类型,又各有大聘小聘之分。聘问礼仪节复杂严谨、以德为先、讲究对等性和礼尚往来,但又具有一定灵活性,对于巩固西周统治、维护周天子的权威发挥了重要作用。战国末期,社会动荡,礼崩乐坏,聘问礼逐渐衰落。     

礼与春秋时期的社会秩序

春秋时期,社会等级秩序发生改变.周天子权力衰落,诸侯、卿大夫实力上升,原有的等级规范被破坏,失去了原本的约束力.诸侯国之间在交往中逐渐产生了新的国际秩序准则,财富与实力成为称霸的基础,而礼实际上就是旧的社会秩序向新的社会秩序过渡的代名词.     

高三中国历史选择题思维训练100例

1 .促使春秋时期井田制瓦解的根本原因是A .诸侯争霸使土地荒芜B .铁器和牛耕的使用C .鲁国承认了私田主人对土地的所有权D .封建剥削方式的出现2 .春秋时期诸侯争霸反映的实质问题是A .井田制瓦解　　B .分封制崩溃C .周王室衰微　　D .奴隶制腐朽3 .春秋时期对匈奴的战争是正义战争 ,是因为A .是反侵略战争　　　B .促进了民族融合C .是维护统一的战争D .保护了中原的生产4.《史记》记载 :“诸吕作乱 ,日蚀、昼晦。吴楚七国叛逆 ,彗星现 ,天狗过梁野。”这段史料①反映了汉代儒家的思想观念②留下了后人研究天文学的宝贵资料③表现了…     

《春秋》所载周天子谥号体例考析

《春秋》所载周天子谥号与葬紧密结合,不书周天子谥号是《春秋》体例,书谥号者或违背七月而葬之礼,或违背诸侯亲自奔丧会葬的礼制,若周王室失赴告礼,则崩葬全不载。     

先秦时期最高统治者名称改变所显示的王权变化

从传说时代到秦统一六国,最高统治者的名称经过多次变化,每一次的变化都暗示着王权的改变。从传说时代到夏、商、西周,名称由帝到王,标志着从军事民主的禅让制过渡到一统天下的家天下,但一统较为松散。从西周到春秋、战国,周天子依然存在,周天子的权力不断衰落,甚至诸侯国国君的权力也在被削弱,家臣和卿大夫的权力在上升,一些诸侯开始称王,一些卿大夫夺取诸侯的权力也开始称王,共分权力,说明周天子不能再一统天下了。从战国到秦统一六国,由王改为皇帝,标志着统一的专制主义中央集权的封建国家形成。从此以后到清朝灭亡,最高统治者都称皇帝,权力也集中在皇帝手中。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.