Hurdle-jump responding in the rat as a function of conspecific odor of reward and nonreward

A hurdle-jump escape response was employed to assess the laboratory rat’s aversion or attraction to different types of conspecific odor. Odorant donor subjects received 112 runway acquisition trials on a continuous reward schedule followed by 32 extinction trials, 112 acquisition trials on a 50% schedule of reward and nonreward followed by 32 extinction trials, or 144 “neutral” trials with no reward in the alley. Different groups of test subjects escaped from odor excreted by odorant subjects on (a) nonrewarded acquisition and extinction trials, (b) rewarded trials during continuous reinforcement, (c) rewarded trials during partial reinforcement, or (d) neutral trials; others escaped from a clean box. The principal findings were: (1) significant aversion to “odor of nonreward” appeared after the donor odorants had received 12 exposures to reward; (2) production of odor of nonreward by odorant subjects changed as a function of training experience with reward; (3) after repeated exposure to odor of nonreward, the escape response habituated; (4) greater or different odor excretion in extinction resulted from subjects trained on a continuous reward schedule than on a partial reward schedule. Relationships of the data to frustration theory were discussed, assuming that inferred differences in production of odor reflect differences in frustration reaction.     

Effects of conspecific odor on rats’ position and behavior in an open field

When rats were tested in a novel open field, half of which had previously been occupied by a conspecific, they tended to enter the predecessor half first and subsequently spent more time in this half. There was proportionally more sniffing of the floor, sniffing of the air, and grooming in the predecessor half compared with the clean one, and proportionally less ambulating, rearing, and sniffing of the wall. Time spent in the predecessor half was unaffected by whether or not the predecessor had been tested under a relatively stressful condition (strong illumination), but rats tested after a “stressed” conspecific ambulated and reared less and showed more inactivity and thigmotaxis. Predecessor influence may be mediated by qualitative and/or quantitative differences in odor associated with urine traces, an influence that could affect results during routine successive open-field testing.     

Extending the generality of the odor hypothesis: Double-alternation responding in the wood rat (Neotoma floridana osagensis)

In an attempt to extend the generality of the odor hypothesis, two studies using wood rats (Neotoma floridana osagensis) as subjects were conducted. Experiment 1 demonstrated that this species was capable of establishing appropriate odor-based double-alternation patterning in the straight runway. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that albino rats were capable of using odor cues exuded by wood rats, and vice versa.     

A reexamination of the effects of motivational state on utilization of conspecific odors in the rat

Two previous studies suggested that rats are unable to use conspecifics’ odors when the motivational state of the donor rats is different from their own (Davis et al., 1974; Davis, Prytula, Noble, & Mollenhour, 1976). The effects of motivational conditions on the utilization of such odors were further evaluated in the present study. In Phase 1, test rats were given training either with donors in the same motivational state or with donors in a different state. Differential responses to donors’ odor emissions occurred only when the motivational states of donors and test subjects were the same, thus confirming earlier findings. However, when test subjects’ motivational conditions were changed in Phase 2, discriminations that had been present in Phase 1 were maintained even though the motivational states of these test subjects and their respective donors no longer matched. Thus, any constraint on the rat’s ability to use odors from conspecifics in a different motivational state is not absolute.     

The relationship between locus of odor cues and double-alternation responding in the rat

In two experiments, rats traversed a runway in the presence of odor cues from odor-donor rats (stimulus odor). These odors were established in the start and run sections of a runway. As in previous work, these odors were shown to be influential determinants of behavior There is an indication that odors of reward and nonreward may be different for different rats, and that these different odors can be used to form complex discriminations.     

浅议加强高职学生挫折教育的思考

高职生的挫折教育是心理健康教育的重要组成部分,也是高校素质教育的重要课题。挫折教育是高职院校培养高素质人才的需要,是时代的呼唤。挫折教育在高职生这个特殊群体中进行十分必要,刻不容缓。     

大学生挫折感研究

本文对1000名大学生挫折心理进行研究,构建大学生挫折感的理论结构模型,提出教育建议。     

科学的回声 精神的困惑 ——评丁尼生诗歌的主题

阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生是19世纪英国诗坛的著名人物，他的诗歌充分反映了那个时代科学、宗教和道德理念，表达了时代的人文精神。     

提高贫困大学生耐挫能力的几点建议

文章结合实际分析了贫困大学生经济困难与"心理贫困"问题所带来的影响及其应对方法。     

Approach and escape to conspecific odors of reward and nonreward in rats

A three-compartment box was used, and a reward odor, or nonreward (extinction) odor, produced by another rat, was present in the middle compartment. Two control odor procedures were also used. The results showed that rats will approach a location in which another rat has previously been given reward more rapidly than they will escape from that location, but showed the opposite effect when the odor was produced by a rat undergoing extinction. The mere presence of an odor associated with another rat had the effect of producing much slower locomotion as compared to a no-odor control condition.     

Long-term comparison (1921–2001) of numerical knowledge in three to five-and-a-half year-old children

This study contributes to the debate about the Flynn effect by proposing a long-term comparison (1921–2001) of the numerical knowledge of two cohorts of three- to five-and-a-half year-old children. In 1921, Beckmann (1923) assessed the numerical development of children using four tasks (Production, Distinction, Recognition, and Naming). In 2001, we used these same tasks to test 400 children equally divided into five age groups spaced six months apart. The main results are as follows: (1) the order of difficulty of the four tasks was the same in 2001 and 1921; (2) the 2001 cohort significantly outperformed the 1921 cohort with an advance in numerical development ranging from six months to one year, depending on the task; (3) the superiority of the 2001 children showed up by the age of 3; (4) the magnitude of the rise in scores varied across tasks (the greatest gain was found for the Naming task); and (5) the children in the two cohorts used the same number-evaluation strategies, but the 2001 children used more mature strategies on the Naming task than did same-age 1921 children, particularly subitizing for apprehending small numbers. The rise in scores seems to correspond to a genuine gain in numerical ability, apparently promoted by parental child-raising practices (cross-generational transmission).     

meso-四-(4-苯基)卟啉与铜(Ⅱ)显色反应的分光光度研究

研究了在Tween - 80存在下 ,meso -四 - ( 4-苯基 )卟啉与铜的显色反应 .络合物的最大吸收波长为 416nm ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 3 .75× 10 5L·mol-1·cm-1.铜含量在 0～ 1.6 μg/ 10mL范围内符合比尔定律 .络合物的组成为铜 (Ⅱ ) :TPP =1:1,本法已应用于环境水样中痕量铜的测定 ,结果满意 .     

运用积极心理学理念探索大学生挫折教育新路径

实施挫折教育,培养大学生具有良好的意志品质和自强不息的精神,既是大学生自身成长的内在心理需求,也是当今大学教育不容忽视的重要内容。要充分发挥大学生积极的心理潜能,通过课程渗透、实务训练、体育锻炼和校园文化等途径,让大学生自我体验、自我感悟、自我调控和自我教育,使挫折教育有意、有机、有序、有效。     

二溴磺酸偶氮氯磷-溴代十六烷基吡啶-钐-乙醇显色体系的分析研究

研究了Sm（Ⅲ）-DBS·CPA-CPB-C2H5OH体系的光度特性和最佳反应条件,该体系与Sm（Ⅲ）-DBS·CPA体系相比,虽灵敏度未见明显提高,但选择性却有显著提高.Sm（Ⅲ）浓度在0.0—12μg/25ml范围遵循比尔定律,当λmax=662nm,表观ε=8.9 × 104L·mol-1·cm-1,方法用于矿样测定结果满意.     

一种改进的GM(1,1)长期预测模型

结合统计途径,通过引入一个外生变量,对传统GM(1,1)模型进行了改进 新建构的模型不仅能有效提高GM(1,1)长期预测精度,扩大灰色预测理论的适用范围;而且能真实反映观测在不同阶段的变化速度和演变趋势,为决策者提供可信赖的依据     

浅谈逆商教育对改善大学生挫折承受能力的影响

针对当代大学生面临各种压力所表现出来的挫折承受情况,本文提出通过开展大学生逆商教育的方式加以有效地改善,并分析高校中逆商培养的难点和对策。     

四(N-烯丙基氨基硫代甲酰基)乙二咪腙的合成及其与常见阳离子的反应

合成了含有多硫脲基配体四(N—烯丙基氨基硫代甲酰基)乙二咪腙，通过IR、^1HNMR、EA进行了结构表征，并对20种常见阳离子的反应进行了测试筛选．发现在酸性条件下，大多数阳离子都有显色反应；在碱性条件下，对Ag^ 、Md^2 反应灵敏；在中性条件下，对Cu^2 、Fe^3 反应灵敏．     

A reaction to the commentaries

In this chapter, conclusions are drawn and implications are suggested. Of the non-cognitive variables included in the study, the students’ Priorities were the most important in predicting GPA. In general, non-cognitive variables provided important information on admissions. Furthermore, explicit conceptual models, analyzed with relatively sophisticated statistical techniques, are needed to further our understanding of variables directly and indirectly related to college success.     

Motivational specificity of the signal value of odor cues

The performance of the laboratory rat in the enclosed maze apparatus is profoundly influenced by subject-generated cues that seem to be olfactory. The present experiment investigated the specificity of these cues. Odor cues produced by odor-donor rats placed in the startbox were ineffective determinants of the behavior of runway-trained rats when the deprivation states of these two groups differed. However, when the deprivation states of these two groups coincided, the odor cues produced by the odor-donor rats became effective determinants of performance. Thus, it would appear that even though odor cues are influential in determining the runway performance of the rat subject, their effectiveness may well be drive-state dependent.