网络资本:硅谷群发展的核心能力

硅谷创造了高科技发展的奇迹 ,人们从不同的角度做出了各种理论解释 ,本文试图利用网络资本理论分析硅谷的发展进程 ,并构建了聚集创新网络模型。指出硅谷的成功在于建立了良好的产业网络体系 ,网络资本是硅谷的核心能力 ,网络资本管理是硅谷群成功的关键。政府宏观经济政策和管理是高技术园区发展成功的重要条件     

美国硅谷华人群体与中国国家软实力构建研究

美国硅谷是世界著名的高科技中心.经过半个多世纪的发展,如今这里汇聚了一万多家高科技公司和66万工程师,形成了一个高度发达的技术社会.在硅谷漫长的发展过程中,华人及华人群体功不可磨.他们展示出来的硬实力和软实力令人赞叹.本文以多元文化的视角比较详细的分析了硅谷华人群体软实力的现状、形态和特点,提出的一些建议和对策,这有利于我国在实施国家软实力战略中高度重视这一特殊群体的作用.     

硅谷与128公路--美国高科技园区发展模式借鉴与启示

斯坦佛工业园区的建立,是现代意义上硅谷的开始;工业研究园的建立,是128公路的发端;二者都经历了四个发展阶段;一定的计划性、与研究性大学为邻、风险投资、气候与生活质量是硅谷与128公路的共同点,但二者在企业集群、社会结构、区域文化、产业体系与企业组织结构等方面存在巨大的差异并导致了不同的结果。我国高科技园区的发展可以从中得到一些有益的借鉴和启示。     

硅谷模式与中国互联网创新

文章从斯坦福大学历史、美国政府对创新企业的扶持政策和大公司在创新产业中的重要作用三方面详细解析了美国互联网创新的硅谷模式,结合中国互联网创新的现状和未来发展目标,为中国互联网创新提出了建议。     

美国产业集群创新生态系统运行机制分析：以硅谷为例

硅谷作为美国创新能力最强的高新技术产业集群,孕育了有利于创业公司和科技服务业协同发展的创新生态系统。硅谷创新生态系统运行机制体现为,大企业和初创企业共生的学习竞争机制,形成能够在“开放式创新”和“知识产权保护”之间实现良好平衡的企业集群;大学、行业、政府多向互动交流机制,以区域科技联盟为平台的协作机制,以小企业为核心的科技服务网络运行机制和联邦政府的法律规范引导机制。硅谷创新生态系统对我国城市群和区域产业集群创新生态系统构建有重要的启示意义。     

广深科技创新走廊智能效率的来源和影响因素研究——基于与美国硅谷的比较分析

为探讨广深科技创新走廊与美国硅谷的智能效率差距,采用两地的上市公司数据,运用DEA-Malmquist模型和固定效应回归分析法测量其智能效率,并实证其智能效率的来源和影响因素,研究发现,考察期内两地的智能效率、技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率均得到优化。硅谷的智能效率主要来源于技术进步,走廊的智能效率主要来源于纯技术效率改善。影响因素对两地智能效率的影响迥异,相对硅谷,影响因素对走廊的影响更为强烈,他们主要通过对规模效率和纯技术效率来影响硅谷的智能效率,而通过技术进步和规模效率来影响走廊的智能效率。     

基于产业集群理论的高新园区发展研究——中国光谷的发展思考

本介绍光谷的概况，从增长极理论和产业集群理论角度对光谷进行理论探讨，提出了光谷的发展模式，深入分析影响光谷发展的因素，最后提出相应对策。     

Improvising firms: bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process

Improvisation occurs when the design and execution of novel activities converge. Drawing on three samples of young firms, this inductive study investigates the existence, channels and implications of strategic improvisation in knowledge-intensive new businesses. Our study suggests that not only may founding itself be improvisational in some cases, but improvisational processes and issues permeate entrepreneurial activity and have non-obvious implications for emergent firm strategies and competencies. We develop propositions in four domains: (1) the occurrence of strategic improvisation; (2) tactical improvisation rising to the level of strategy; (3) network bricolage; and (4) improvisational competencies. This study contributes to research on organizational improvisation, bricolage and entrepreneurship. Theoretically and in practice, both improvisation and bricolage represent potentially rich additions to the vocabulary of entrepreneurial action.     

The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: sharing the laboratory life

While science-based entrepreneurial firms are a key feature of the modern economy, our insights into their organization and productivity remain limited. In particular, our understanding of the mechanisms through which academic inventors shape entrepreneurial firms established to commercialize their scientific ideas is based upon a traditional perspective that highlights the importance of human capital. Based on a study of biotechnology firms and their academic inventors, this paper examines the extent and mechanisms through which academic scientists contribute not only human capital but also social capital to entrepreneurial firms. The paper makes two contributions to our understanding of the academic-firm interface: First, it establishes that the social capital of academic scientists is critical to firms because it can be transformed into scientific networks that embed the firm in the scientific community through a variety of mechanisms. Second, the paper argues that an academic inventor’s career plays a critical role in shaping his social capital, thus scientific careers mediate the networks and potential for embeddedness that an academic inventor brings to a firm. Specifically, the foundations of an academic’s social capital can be traced to two sources: The first element that the firm may leverage is the academic’s local laboratory network—a network to current and former students and advisors established by the inventor through his laboratory life. The second form of social capital is a wider, cosmopolitan network of colleagues and co-authors established through the social patterns of collaboration, collegiality and competition that exemplify scientific careers. These findings suggest that scientific careers are central in shaping an academic’s social capital which can be translated into critical scientific networks in which entrepreneurial firms become embedded.     

New technology-based firms in the European union: an introduction

This paper introduces the Special Issue on New Technology-Based Firms in Europe. It provides an overview of the issues. The role of smaller firms in the development of Europe's high technology sectors is summarized, as are the policy issues, but the paper mainly discusses the characteristics of European NTBFs and their founders. This includes a review of the evidence with regard to the survival, growth and geographical clustering of NTBFs in Europe, as well as the factors facilitating and inhibiting their creation and development.     

Smaller firms and Europe's high technology sectors: a framework for analysis and some statistical evidence

This paper introduces a simple framework through which the evolution of industries can be `mapped'. This framework is used to discuss the role of small firms in the development of Europe's high technology sectors during the 1980s. The framework assesses the development of high technology sectors in two dimensions (1) through the change over time in the number of units (establishments or enterprises) in these sectors and (2) through the changing employment of these sectors. Changes within both manufacturing and service sectors are discussed and differences are found between the sectors examined. Especially among the manufacturing sectors, differences are also found between countries. In some countries the high technology manufacturing sectors are growing both in terms of the number of units active in these activities and their employment, while in other countries, the number of units is increasing but employment is contracting. Within this context, it may well be that the growth in the number of high technology small firms has at least as much to do with `negative' factors, such as the `down-sizing' of large firms, as it has to do with `positive' factors, such as the creation of innovative new enterprises.     

If you cannot block, you better run: Small firms, cooperative innovation, and appropriation strategies

This empirical study examines small firms’ strategies for capturing returns to investments in innovation. We find that small firms’ strategies are qualitatively different from those found in earlier studies of both small and large firms. Most of the small firms examined here find informal means of protection, such as speed to market or secrecy, more important than patenting. Only firms with university cooperation—typically R&D intensive and science-based small firms—were likely to identify patents as the most important method of appropriating innovation returns in their field. Thus, the strategic choice for most small firms is between secrecy and speed to market. Firms that cooperate in innovation with horizontal partners or significantly depend on vertical partners tend to prefer speed, whereas process innovators with modest R&D investments or few cooperative R&D activities display a preference for trade secrets. Indeed, cooperation activities greatly influence the choice of intellectual property strategy for small firms. Earlier research has emphasized patents and trade secrets as key strategies of appropriation, yet these strategies do not appear to be very beneficial for small firms engaged in cooperative innovation. These results raise policy questions regarding the functionality of the existing system of intellectual property rights.     

拷贝硅谷:一种聚集网络理论解释

介绍了目前在关于拷贝硅谷问题上国内外不同的观点,提出聚集网络理论。在此基础上,通过对韩国大德科学城和我国台湾新竹科学工业园的成功实践考察,分析了它们各自成功发展高技术产业的原因,在于根据各自的实际,市场性和建构性、网络资本和风险资本网络的有机结合,适应了高技术发展的本质要求。认为我国应注重网络资源管理,营造风险资本网络体系发展的环境。     

伊犁河谷土壤水力侵蚀的时空变化研究

为定量化评估多因子对伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀的影响及其联合效应,本文应用修正土壤流失方程,估算近30年来（1985-2000年和2000-2015两个时段）伊犁河谷土壤水力侵蚀的时空变化,分析降雨、植被盖度和土地利用各因子对土壤侵蚀变化的作用。结果表明：研究区总体上土壤侵蚀状况较轻,以微度侵蚀为主,面积占比达到83.99%,强度侵蚀等级以上的面积占比仅为2.25%,零星分布于南、北、中天山的局部地区;严重土壤侵蚀主要分布在低覆盖度的草地。对比两个时段,研究区的土壤侵蚀呈总体改善但局部恶化的趋势,轻度侵蚀等级以上的面积都显著减少。从1985-2000年到2000-2015年,伊犁河谷的降雨侵蚀力明显增加,而植被覆盖与管理因子和水土保持因子的数值则显著减少,耦合三者的时空变化,其对伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀的影响以负效应为主。     

跨越创新过程中的“死亡之谷”——科技成果产业化问题刍议

"死亡之谷"已成了西方科技政策与创新管理学界用来形象地描述大量科技成果无法实现商品化、产业化之现象的流行用语,各国政府对推动基础研究成果跨越创新过程中的"死亡之谷"一事都非常重视。考察了近年来美日两国政府针对本国的"死亡之谷"特点所采取的政策措施,指出了两者之间的一些政策差异,并在此基础上分析了中国在创新过程中所遭遇到的困难,解释了"死亡之谷"现象在中国表现得尤为明显的原因。最后还对中国政府如何提高科技成果转化率问题进行了探讨,并提出了一些原则性的政策建议。     

伊犁河谷土壤理化性质及可蚀性特征分析

探讨河谷坡地的土壤特性及其可蚀性对保护土地资源、制定水土保持措施具有重要意义。基于伊犁河谷典型区域127个调查点表层土壤的实地调查与取样分析,利用EPIC模型公式计算土壤可蚀性,分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质及土壤可蚀性的特征、探讨了土壤可蚀性与其他土壤特征因子间的关系以及土壤各特征因子的空间变化与异质性。研究结果显示：新开垦坡地增加了表层土壤水分、改善了土壤结构与质地,有助于减小土壤可蚀性;土壤理化性质随着海拔升高、由西南向东北明显改善,土壤可蚀性降低,质地更好的土壤有助吸水、保水与植被生长,进而降低土壤可蚀性;各土壤特性,包括土壤可蚀性,空间异质性在小尺度上总体较小,空间分布自相关程度多中等到高等。     

中国硅谷产生的条件与途径

中国在建立自己的知识创新体系，有必要建成“硅谷”似的高新技术园区，中国硅谷的产生需要借助地理区位条件，智力密集条件，产业支持条件，资金融通条件，生活设施条件和规划政策条件，创建中国的硅谷，需要从资金途径，人才途径，制度途径，环境途径几个方面入手，需要加强制度要素和环境要素的投入。中国硅谷最有可能产生的地区是：北京、上海、深圳以及京津带和泥定带。     

贵州猫跳河与美国田纳西河流域开发的比较

自1933年以流域综合开发治理为目标的田纳西流域管理局（TVA）成立以来,美国田纳西流域开发管理模式就成为世界各地流域开发的成功榜样。作为美国第一大河密西西比河的二级支流,田纳西河流域开发在带动当地社会经济发展等方面的确取得了一定成就,但其经验也存在一定的局限性。本文通过对比同为中国第一大河长江二级支流的猫跳河流域与田纳西流域开发的自然资源环境基础条件、社会经济发展背景及其人文响应等方面,比较了两者生态效益和开发模式的差异。同时,由于猫跳河流域面临着更为严峻的资源本底、生态环境和人口压力,其开发更应注重整体性,进而充分发挥流域整体功能,建设良性循环的生态环境,促进流域可持续发展     

新疆伊犁河谷表层土壤容重的空间变异性分析

容重是土壤最基本的物理性状之一,是衡量土壤退化的核心指标,研究其空间变化对防治土壤侵蚀具有重要意义。本文以伊犁河谷为研究对象,运用传统统计学、GIS空间技术和地统计学的Kriging空间插值等方法,分析了表层土壤（0~20cm）容重的空间变异特征。结果表明：表层土壤容重频率分布为正态分布,K-S单样本检验表明,其峰度为0.14,偏度为0.15,变化范围为（1.01~1.50）g/cm³,平均值为1.25g/cm³,变异系数为7.6%,属于弱变异性;表层土壤容重的块金值为0.0056,基台值为0.0083,块金效应为32.5%,为中等相关性;空间尺度上,表层土壤容重由南向北和由西向东逐渐减小;普通克里金（Ordinary Kriging）插值表明,表层土壤容重南北走向呈条带状,东西走向呈斑块状分布格局;气候、母质等自然因素是表层土壤容重变化的内在因素,土地利用加速土壤容重的变化。     

1990-2010年湘江流域城镇化过程时空分异特征

快速城镇化发展阶段,中国正面临城市人口增长与土地扩张脱节、空城增多等诸多问题。准确识别这一过程中人口和土地城镇化的时空发展规律,对于合理规划、指导区域城镇化建设具有重要意义。以载负生态环境保护重任的湘江流域为对象,选用离差系数指标、借助GIS空间自相关模型动态评估了1990-2010年湘江流域各县级单元人口与土地城镇化水平的协调程度及时空集聚特征。结果表明,湘江流域人口和土地城镇化水平整体上均呈现上升趋势,但人口城镇化水平增速普遍较低、增长速率明显滞后于土地城镇化速率。相对于单中心的人口城镇化过程,湘江流域土地城镇化过程呈现出以长株潭城市群、娄底市、邵阳市、衡阳市为中心的多核组团圈层式发展结构。流域人口与土地城镇化过程呈现失调趋势,失调区域主要集中分布在湘江流域的“一核四轴”,呈显著空间聚集状态。