Mobilizing the transformative power of research for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

This paper addresses the important question of how research can support the implementation of the United Nations 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set out in the 2030 agenda. Much attention on this topic has so far coalesced around understanding and measuring possible synergies and trade-offs that emerge in the SDGs. We contribute to this discussion by arguing that it is necessary to move towards a focus on how SDGs are enabling transformative change. A conceptual approach is presented based on the notion that research should build bridges across three types of SDGs: ones that reflect socio-technical system change, directionality, and framework conditions. This proposition is explored empirically through a case study of Mexican scientific knowledge production using methods from bibliometric and social network analysis. Our results can help to provide a diagnostic of how knowledge production is contributing to the SDGs and can be used in science, technology and innovation policy, in particular transformative innovation policy.     

一种基于机器学习的研究前沿识别方法研究

研究前沿是科技创新过程中最具潜力和前瞻性的研究方向,尽早识别研究前沿对科学研究、企业研发资源优化配置、政府创新战略前瞻部署等至关重要。针对目前在研究前沿识别研究中存在的不足,提出一种基于机器学习的研究前沿识别方法。该方法首先通过构建机器学习模型来识别出潜在高被引论文,解决利用引文分析法来识别研究前沿的时滞性问题,并将潜在高被引论文纳入研究前沿识别的高被引论文核心文档集中;其次,以高被引论文核心文档集为数据源,利用聚类分析法识别出研究前沿主题,并对研究前沿主题进行对比和评价分析,进而识别出研究前沿;最后,以太阳能光伏电池研究领域为例进行了实证研究,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性,为研究前沿识别提供了新的研究方法。     

科技成果转化概念辨析与“科技成果转化指数”构建

对科技成果转化相关概念进行了辨析,建立了可操作性更强的应用类科技成果转化概念框架及判定准则。结合我国科技统计体系现有数据基础,构建了具有分层结构的“科技成果转化指数”综合评价指标体系。测算结果显示,我国科技成果转化成效整体呈平稳上升趋势,2012年科技成果转化指数比2007年提高近40%。     

创业研究前沿理论探讨:理论流派与发展趋势

本文评述了经济学理论中均衡和非均衡观点对创业现象的讨论及其建立在此假设条件上的其它学科中具有代表性的创业研究理论观点,包括供给学派的心理学理论、资源观和需求学派的社会文化理论观点与持非均衡假设的机会观。本文重点讨论了这些理论观点对创业研究的贡献与不足,探讨了创业研究的发展趋势,并在机会观点的基础上引入了社会资本观视角的创业研究。我们认为,传统经济学理论无法解决创业现象从外部给均衡状态带来的冲击问题,奥地利学派虽然持动态系统观点,却无法模型化。社会心理学视角的创业研究结果相互矛盾,也没有产生多少有见地的观点。资源观试图将资源观、创业能力和均衡联系在一起,但仍然不能解释创业机敏现象。社会文化学观点讨论了社会文化环境对形成创业家个性与行为特征的影响,但同样没有取得什么重要的进展。我们认为,机会观点和社会资本观点摈弃均衡分析方法,转而考察在信息不完全条件下的创业过程,探讨创业个体与机会获取之间的关系,为进一步解释创业现象拓宽了一个全新的视野。     

The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications

We consider the managerial and policy implications of the rise of spin-offs at public research institutions (PRIs), based on a knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm. This framework highlights the importance of knowledge in the creation and development of spin-offs. We argue that in order to understand the development of spin-offs, researchers should focus on “knowledge gaps” these new ventures encounter. Knowledge gaps can occur at different levels of aggregation, including the PRI, spin-off, team, individual, incubator, and at different stages of spin-off development. Based on this framework, we synthesize findings from previous studies and papers in the special issue and offer some suggestions for additional research on spin-offs from PRIs.     

军民融合创新研究综述与展望

坚定不移地走军民融合创新之路，在更广范围、更高层次、更深程度上把国防科技创新体系纳入国家创新体系之中，不仅是新时代中国特色社会主义发展之战略考量，更是科技发展自身之客观规律的重要体现。以2003-2019年间中国知网军民融合创新相关核心文献为研究样本，绘制该研究领域知识图谱，探究发现：目前核心研究力量主要集中在国防特色高校和军事院校，机构之间缺乏密切的合作与交流，尚未形成成熟的研究网络；现有研究依然以情报分析为主，统计分析、前沿面分析以及系统分析方法应用较少；研究热点逐步体现出更加微观和具体的特点。未来该领域研究应坚持以习近平军民融合发展战略思想为指导，站在国际国内的战略高度，不断扩充研究领域与参与机构，强化研究网络合作的广度和深度；立足于中国特色的管理实践，加强案例研究，完善高质量企业层面数据平台的建立，丰富多维度、多领域、多学科交叉研究方法的使用，深化科技发展内在规律等微观机理层面的研究，进一步完善军民融合创新科技平台的建设，为基于军民一体化的国家科技计划提供有效的智库支持。     

Towards understanding integration in research and research policy

Increasing the level of integration is currently an important policy objective for European research. This brings to light issues regarding the meaning and nature of integration and integration in research; issues associated with the mechanisms to enable and facilitate higher levels of integration in research as part of a policy process; and issues related to the assessment and evaluation of success or failure of policy instruments. The paper addresses these issues by introducing a nuanced conceptualisation developed with particular reference to the policy task for promoting integration and proposing a framework that captures essential features in integrative processes in research—both at the level of researchers and organisations. Furthermore, an empirical example of a Network of Excellence is used to illustrate how the proposed framework can be applied.     

财政科研项目间接费用的激励约束机制研究

信用管理与间接费用挂钩是未来我国财政科研项目资金管理落实“放管服”要求的重要政策工具,其根本目的是优化财政科研项目间接费用管理、建立有效的激励约束机制。基于委托代理理论中的激励约束框架,对美国、英国和中国财政科研项目间接费用中的激励和约束机制分别展开分析,并在三个国家对比的基础上,构建引入信用管理后我国财政科研项目间接费用管理中的激励约束框架及关键点。     

企业社会责任管理系统构成研究

随着国际标准ISO26000《社会责任指南》和IQNet SR 10《社会责任管理体系》认证标准的全球发布,企业社会责任管理已成为管理科学和组织行为关注的热点问题。研究采用逻辑推理和归纳分析方法,在"管理"内涵、系统管理理论、霍尔系统工程理论和三维管理系统实践发展的分析基础上,构建了企业社会责任管理的理论模型。研究认为,基于多理论融合构建的企业社会责任管理系统理论模型和结构要素,进一步完善了企业社会责任管理的理论体系,也对社会责任管理实践提出了思考的框架。     

国外海岸带韧性研究进展及其对中国的启示

海岸带韧性可为沿海地区应对全球气候变化与人类活动压力的复合风险提供新的理论源泉和分析视角,对保障沿海地区可持续发展安全具有重要意义.本文在解析海岸带韧性概念内涵的基础上,剖析了以社会生态系统、复杂适应系统等理论为支撑的海岸带韧性理论框架,比较了现有4类评价方法,进而厘清了要素型、过程型和复合型3类评价指标体系的特点,阐...     

科研项目实施的方法论

各种类型的科研项目从本质上说 ,就是求解科学问题的过程。本文以系统分析为基础 ,从求解科学问题出发 ,提出用Π -Σ法分析求解科学问题的过程。特别是在分析了科研项目实施过程中的若干重要关系之后 ,给出了求解科学问题方法论与一般框架。这种方法论对于有效地实施与管理科研项目有重要指导作用 ,有助于知识的生产、传播与利用     

我国集成电路产业发展的竞争态势与对策研究

集成电路产业是电子信息工业的基础,也是支撑我国国民经济发展的战略性产业与先导性产业。中美贸易摩擦在加剧产业竞争态势的同时也为我国集成电路产业的发展带来了全新的机会窗口。文章运用产业创新系统的分析框架,剖析了我国集成电路产业当前所面临的竞争态势,在此基础上提出了相应的应对策略。研究认为：坚持系统观念与原创导向打通从基础研究到产业实践的技术发展路线、完善产业政策支撑体系与服务体系、充分发挥制度优势集中突破薄弱环节、以龙头企业为中心引领创新链发展进而形成现代化创新网络体系等策略是我国集成电路产业突破“卡脖子”困境,增强国际竞争力的重要途径。     

美国联邦科研机构治理研究综述

通过对现有的关于美国联邦科研机构总体治理、专项问题治理(特别是技术转移的治理)等各类型研究机构治理状况的研究进行分析,发现目前国内的研究未能反映美国联邦科研机构发展变化的最新趋势;对美国联邦科研机构公私合营特征的研究还很缺乏;还未建立起分析美国联邦科研机构治理的有效框架,现有研究较为零散;美国联邦科研机构与中国科研机构的比较研究以及对中国的启示分析还不够深入。     

Designing to support situation awareness across distances: an example from a scientific collaboratory

When collaborating, individuals rely on situation awareness (the gathering, incorporation and utilization of environmental information) to help them combine their unique knowledge and skills and achieve their goals. When collaborating across distances, situation awareness is mediated by technology. There are few guidelines to help system analysts design systems or applications that support the creation and maintenance of situation awareness for teams or groups. We propose a framework to guide design decisions to enhance computer-mediated situation awareness during scientific research collaboration. The foundation for this framework is previous research in situation awareness and virtual reality, combined with our analysis of interviews with and observations of collaborating scientists. The framework suggests that situation awareness is comprised of contextual, task and process, and socio-emotional information. Research in virtual reality systems suggests control, sensory, distraction and realism attributes of technology contribute to a sense of presence [Presence 7 (1998) 225]. We suggest that consideration of these attributes with respect to contextual, task and process, and socio-emotional information provides insights to guide design decisions. We used the framework when designing a scientific collaboratory system. Results from a controlled experimental evaluation of the collaboratory system help illustrate the framework's utility.     

CAD/PDM集成系统数据管理和网络通讯技术平台研究

通过对CAD和PDM系统集成技术分析,研究装备设计过程以接口交换为基础的CAD和PDM集成技术模式,探讨BOM表的生成及转化关系,形成CAD/PDM系统的数据管理集成框架及合理的集成功能流程。在此基础上搭建合理的集成系统数据管理和网络通讯平台框架。     

创新价值链视角下中国互联网企业产品创新机制研究——基于腾讯1998-2016嵌套式多案例分析

互联网行业已日益成为拉动全球经济发展的重要引擎，中国互联网企业的快速发展引起广泛关注，但对中国情境下互联网企业创新模式的研究仍较为匮乏。本文以创新价值链理论为分析框架，对腾讯1998-2016年间的产品创新事件进行嵌套式多案例分析，尝试探讨中国互联网企业的创新机制。研究发现：（1）在创意产生阶段，主要存在移植创意和衍生创意两种类型，这两种创意类型通过动态组合和梯度进阶的方式驱动创意集成的演化过程；（2）在创意转化阶段，组织层面的产品经理制和项目层面的小团队模式作为主要的开发模式通过赛马机制和微循环方式驱动敏捷开发；（3）在创意传播阶段，基于中国文化的需求挖掘锁定情感沟通元，并通过快速迭代、持续优化的方式驱动创意传播的进阶式演化过程。     

知识治理：源起、前沿研究与理论框架

知识治理是指从组织战略出发、运用一系列治理手段作用于知识活动、以实现组织目标的组织安排,其强调提升知识过程的组织能力。知识治理超越了知识管理的范畴,为组织与知识之间的衔接提供了一种新的理论解释。当前知识治理仍处于研究初期,急需对知识治理的概念内涵和理论架构形成一致认识,以搭建知识治理的理论框架。因此,本文运用文献分析法对国内外知识治理相关文献进行了梳理,对知识治理的源起、理论基础以及内容要素方面的前沿研究进行了系统分析,在此基础上构建了包含知识目标、知识治理手段、原则、对象与绩效的知识治理研究框架,并展望了未来的研究方向,以期为知识治理研究的深入探讨提供导引。     

Multi-authorship and its impact on the visibility of research from Puerto Rico

The impact of the existence and nature of multi-authorship on the visibility of research results is a relevant issue in the framework of the monitoring and evaluation of scientific performance. Multi-authorship involving researchers from different institutions is a growing trend typical of today’s social, economic and political development and an expression of the so-called “internationalization of science”. This paper analyzes how the establishment of scientific relationships and the local or international nature of such relationships affect the visibility of the research results published by the community of researchers affiliated with Puerto Rican institutions. Multi-dimensional indicators and multivariate analysis techniques, specifically Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), were used to analyze and represent the visibility of the papers published in mainstream scientific journals. The results of the study show that the establishment and furtherance of local and international co-authorship favour the visibility of the papers published and consequently can be regarded to be a valid strategy in the context of the research and development effort in Puerto Rico.     

The present status and problems of impact research in technology policy: A case study on the federal program for funding research and development personnel in Germany

The paper illustrates the present status and the problems of impact research through an impact research study of the program of funding research and development personnel in small and meduim-sized firms launched by the German Federal Government. This impact analysis study is one of the first of its kind to be conducted in technology policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is mainly devoted to the following problems: acceptance by the firms involved of the funding program; relevance of the program to internal decision-making processes; quantitative and qualitative effects on R&D personnel and R&D activities; impact on the innovation activities of firms; efficient implementation and management of the program. Impact analyses need to go beyond the framework of a shallow technocratic incidence analysis studying only effects the funding program is assumed to have. Such solidly based impact analysis is possible only if also the basic aspects underlying the funding programs can be reviewed critically and verified empirically. The practical implementation of this criterion is demonstrated by studying the effects of the funding measure on the innovative activities of firms. Typical problems associated with impact anayses are insufficient access to the data required, shortcomings in the evolution of theories and the development of methods, weaknesses inherent in the formation of indicators on a sound theoretical basis and with a sufficient degree of operationalization. It is shown how far these problems make themselves felt, and are partly overcome, in this impact analysis. In particular, the early inclusion of evaluation aspects in the conceptual phase of the funding program has established comparatively favorable conditions for this impact analysis.     

Frameworks for integrating interdisciplinary research

Interdisciplinary research can be defined by the presence of substantive, internalized linkages among component analyses. Three levels of integration of component analyses are defined. The weakest is associated with multidisciplinary research in which components stand on their own. Integration here involves editorial organization, consistent terminology, and concordant concepts. The strongest level involves a shared, over-arching theoretical framework which welds components into a unit. Most interdisciplinary research can realistically aspire only to an intermediate level of integration wherein disciplinary components serve as substantive inputs to each other.Attainment of well-integrated interdisciplinary research is a complex task. This study identifies four frameworks useful in integration based on a probe of 24 technology assessments. Common group learning generates a common intellectual property belonging to the research group. It yields well-integrated research, but often at the cost of a loss of depth of analysis. Formal modeling can structure interrelationships, and, thereby, serve as an integrating framework. Modeling is most applicable to well-specified problems, but it can contribute, in conjunction with other frameworks, to broader, policy-oriented studies as well. Negotiation among experts takes place at the common boundaries between component analyses as these substantively affect each other's findings. It preserves the full depth of expertise and can be used in broad-ranging studies. Integration by the project leader establishes one person as the sole repository of composite knowledge, obtained through one-to-one interactions with assorted experts. It is not well-suited to interdisciplinary research, except in small-scale studies.